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'\"
'\" Copyright (c) 1998 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
'\" Copyright (c) 1999 Scriptics Corporation
'\"
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'\" California, Sun Microsystems, Inc., Scriptics Corporation, ActiveState
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'\" RCS: @(#) Id: re_syntax.n,v 1.3 1999/07/14 19:09:36 jpeek Exp
'\"
.so man.macros
.TH re_syntax n "8.1" Tcl "Tcl Built-In Commands"
.BS
.SH NAME
re_syntax \- Syntax of Tcl regular expressions.
.BE
.SH DESCRIPTION
.PP
A \fIregular expression\fR describes strings of characters.
It's a pattern that matches certain strings and doesn't match others.
.SH "DIFFERENT FLAVORS OF REs"
Regular expressions (``RE''s), as defined by POSIX, come in two
flavors: \fIextended\fR REs (``EREs'') and \fIbasic\fR REs (``BREs'').
EREs are roughly those of the traditional \fIegrep\fR, while BREs are
roughly those of the traditional \fIed\fR. This implementation adds
a third flavor, \fIadvanced\fR REs (``AREs''), basically EREs with
some significant extensions.
.PP
This manual page primarily describes AREs. BREs mostly exist for
backward compatibility in some old programs; they will be discussed at
the end. POSIX EREs are almost an exact subset of AREs. Features of
AREs that are not present in EREs will be indicated.
.SH "REGULAR EXPRESSION SYNTAX"
.PP
Tcl regular expressions are implemented using the package written by
Henry Spencer, based on the 1003.2 spec and some (not quite all) of
the Perl5 extensions (thanks, Henry!). Much of the description of
regular expressions below is copied verbatim from his manual entry.
.PP
An ARE is one or more \fIbranches\fR,
separated by `\fB|\fR',
matching anything that matches any of the branches.
.PP
A branch is zero or more \fIconstraints\fR or \fIquantified atoms\fR,
concatenated.
It matches a match for the first, followed by a match for the second, etc;
an empty branch matches the empty string.
.PP
A quantified atom is an \fIatom\fR possibly followed
by a single \fIquantifier\fR.
Without a quantifier, it matches a match for the atom.
The quantifiers,
and what a so-quantified atom matches, are:
.RS 2
.TP 6
\fB*\fR
a sequence of 0 or more matches of the atom
.TP
\fB+\fR
a sequence of 1 or more matches of the atom
.TP
\fB?\fR
a sequence of 0 or 1 matches of the atom
.TP
\fB{\fIm\fB}\fR
a sequence of exactly \fIm\fR matches of the atom
.TP
\fB{\fIm\fB,}\fR
a sequence of \fIm\fR or more matches of the atom
.TP
\fB{\fIm\fB,\fIn\fB}\fR
a sequence of \fIm\fR through \fIn\fR (inclusive) matches of the atom;
\fIm\fR may not exceed \fIn\fR
.TP
\fB*? +? ?? {\fIm\fB}? {\fIm\fB,}? {\fIm\fB,\fIn\fB}?\fR
\fInon-greedy\fR quantifiers,
which match the same possibilities,
but prefer the smallest number rather than the largest number
of matches (see MATCHING)
.RE
.PP
The forms using
\fB{\fR and \fB}\fR
are known as \fIbound\fRs.
The numbers
\fIm\fR and \fIn\fR are unsigned decimal integers
with permissible values from 0 to 255 inclusive.
.PP
An atom is one of:
.RS 2
.TP 6
\fB(\fIre\fB)\fR
(where \fIre\fR is any regular expression)
matches a match for
\fIre\fR, with the match noted for possible reporting
.TP
\fB(?:\fIre\fB)\fR
as previous,
but does no reporting
(a ``non-capturing'' set of parentheses)
.TP
\fB()\fR
matches an empty string,
noted for possible reporting
.TP
\fB(?:)\fR
matches an empty string,
without reporting
.TP
\fB[\fIchars\fB]\fR
a \fIbracket expression\fR,
matching any one of the \fIchars\fR (see BRACKET EXPRESSIONS for more detail)
.TP
\fB.\fR
matches any single character
.TP
\fB\e\fIk\fR
(where \fIk\fR is a non-alphanumeric character)
matches that character taken as an ordinary character,
e.g. \e\e matches a backslash character
.TP
\fB\e\fIc\fR
where \fIc\fR is alphanumeric
(possibly followed by other characters),
an \fIescape\fR (AREs only),
see ESCAPES below
.TP
\fB{\fR
when followed by a character other than a digit,
matches the left-brace character `\fB{\fR';
when followed by a digit, it is the beginning of a
\fIbound\fR (see above)
.TP
\fIx\fR
where \fIx\fR is
a single character with no other significance, matches that character.
.RE
.PP
A \fIconstraint\fR matches an empty string when specific conditions
are met.
A constraint may not be followed by a quantifier.
The simple constraints are as follows; some more constraints are
described later, under ESCAPES.
.RS 2
.TP 8
\fB^\fR
matches at the beginning of a line
.TP
\fB$\fR
matches at the end of a line
.TP
\fB(?=\fIre\fB)\fR
\fIpositive lookahead\fR (AREs only), matches at any point
where a substring matching \fIre\fR begins
.TP
\fB(?!\fIre\fB)\fR
\fInegative lookahead\fR (AREs only), matches at any point
where no substring matching \fIre\fR begins
.RE
.PP
The lookahead constraints may not contain back references (see later),
and all parentheses within them are considered non-capturing.
.PP
An RE may not end with `\fB\e\fR'.
.SH "BRACKET EXPRESSIONS"
A \fIbracket expression\fR is a list of characters enclosed in `\fB[\|]\fR'.
It normally matches any single character from the list (but see below).
If the list begins with `\fB^\fR',
it matches any single character
(but see below) \fInot\fR from the rest of the list.
.PP
If two characters in the list are separated by `\fB\-\fR',
this is shorthand
for the full \fIrange\fR of characters between those two (inclusive) in the
collating sequence,
e.g.
\fB[0\-9]\fR
in ASCII matches any decimal digit.
Two ranges may not share an
endpoint, so e.g.
\fBa\-c\-e\fR
is illegal.
Ranges are very collating-sequence-dependent,
and portable programs should avoid relying on them.
.PP
To include a literal
\fB]\fR
or
\fB\-\fR
in the list,
the simplest method is to
enclose it in
\fB[.\fR and \fB.]\fR
to make it a collating element (see below).
Alternatively,
make it the first character
(following a possible `\fB^\fR'),
or (AREs only) precede it with `\fB\e\fR'.
Alternatively, for `\fB\-\fR',
make it the last character,
or the second endpoint of a range.
To use a literal
\fB\-\fR
as the first endpoint of a range,
make it a collating element
or (AREs only) precede it with `\fB\e\fR'.
With the exception of these, some combinations using
\fB[\fR
(see next
paragraphs), and escapes,
all other special characters lose their
special significance within a bracket expression.
.PP
Within a bracket expression, a collating element (a character,
a multi-character sequence that collates as if it were a single character,
or a collating-sequence name for either)
enclosed in
\fB[.\fR and \fB.]\fR
stands for the
sequence of characters of that collating element.
The sequence is a single element of the bracket expression's list.
A bracket expression in a locale that has
multi-character collating elements
can thus match more than one character.
.VS 8.2
So (insidiously), a bracket expression that starts with \fB^\fR
can match multi-character collating elements even if none of them
appear in the bracket expression!
(\fINote:\fR Tcl currently has no multi-character collating elements.
This information is only for illustration.)
.PP
For example, assume the collating sequence includes a \fBch\fR
multi-character collating element.
Then the RE \fB[[.ch.]]*c\fR (zero or more \fBch\fP's followed by \fBc\fP)
matches the first five characters of `\fBchchcc\fR'.
Also, the RE \fB[^c]b\fR matches all of `\fBchb\fR'
(because \fB[^c]\fR matches the multi-character \fBch\fR).
.VE 8.2
.PP
Within a bracket expression, a collating element enclosed in
\fB[=\fR
and
\fB=]\fR
is an equivalence class, standing for the sequences of characters
of all collating elements equivalent to that one, including itself.
(If there are no other equivalent collating elements,
the treatment is as if the enclosing delimiters were `\fB[.\fR'\&
and `\fB.]\fR'.)
For example, if
\fBo\fR
and
\fB\o'o^'\fR
are the members of an equivalence class,
then `\fB[[=o=]]\fR', `\fB[[=\o'o^'=]]\fR',
and `\fB[o\o'o^']\fR'\&
are all synonymous.
An equivalence class may not be an endpoint
of a range.
.VS 8.2
(\fINote:\fR
Tcl currently implements only the Unicode locale.
It doesn't define any equivalence classes.
The examples above are just illustrations.)
.VE 8.2
.PP
Within a bracket expression, the name of a \fIcharacter class\fR enclosed
in
\fB[:\fR
and
\fB:]\fR
stands for the list of all characters
(not all collating elements!)
belonging to that
class.
Standard character classes are:
.PP
.RS
.ne 5
.nf
.ta 3c
\fBalpha\fR A letter.
\fBupper\fR An upper-case letter.
\fBlower\fR A lower-case letter.
\fBdigit\fR A decimal digit.
\fBxdigit\fR A hexadecimal digit.
\fBalnum\fR An alphanumeric (letter or digit).
\fBprint\fR An alphanumeric (same as alnum).
\fBblank\fR A space or tab character.
\fBspace\fR A character producing white space in displayed text.
\fBpunct\fR A punctuation character.
\fBgraph\fR A character with a visible representation.
\fBcntrl\fR A control character.
.fi
.RE
.PP
A locale may provide others.
.VS 8.2
(Note that the current Tcl implementation has only one locale:
the Unicode locale.)
.VE 8.2
A character class may not be used as an endpoint of a range.
.PP
There are two special cases of bracket expressions:
the bracket expressions
\fB[[:<:]]\fR
and
\fB[[:>:]]\fR
are constraints, matching empty strings at
the beginning and end of a word respectively.
'\" note, discussion of escapes below references this definition of word
A word is defined as a sequence of
word characters
that is neither preceded nor followed by
word characters.
A word character is an
\fIalnum\fR
character
or an underscore
(\fB_\fR).
These special bracket expressions are deprecated;
users of AREs should use constraint escapes instead (see below).
.SH ESCAPES
Escapes (AREs only), which begin with a
\fB\e\fR
followed by an alphanumeric character,
come in several varieties:
character entry, class shorthands, constraint escapes, and back references.
A
\fB\e\fR
followed by an alphanumeric character but not constituting
a valid escape is illegal in AREs.
In EREs, there are no escapes:
outside a bracket expression,
a
\fB\e\fR
followed by an alphanumeric character merely stands for that
character as an ordinary character,
and inside a bracket expression,
\fB\e\fR
is an ordinary character.
(The latter is the one actual incompatibility between EREs and AREs.)
.PP
Character-entry escapes (AREs only) exist to make it easier to specify
non-printing and otherwise inconvenient characters in REs:
.RS 2
.TP 5
\fB\ea\fR
alert (bell) character, as in C
.TP
\fB\eb\fR
backspace, as in C
.TP
\fB\eB\fR
synonym for
\fB\e\fR
to help reduce backslash doubling in some
applications where there are multiple levels of backslash processing
.TP
\fB\ec\fIX\fR
(where X is any character) the character whose
low-order 5 bits are the same as those of
\fIX\fR,
and whose other bits are all zero
.TP
\fB\ee\fR
the character whose collating-sequence name
is `\fBESC\fR',
or failing that, the character with octal value 033
.TP
\fB\ef\fR
formfeed, as in C
.TP
\fB\en\fR
newline, as in C
.TP
\fB\er\fR
carriage return, as in C
.TP
\fB\et\fR
horizontal tab, as in C
.TP
\fB\eu\fIwxyz\fR
(where
\fIwxyz\fR
is exactly four hexadecimal digits)
the Unicode character
\fBU+\fIwxyz\fR
in the local byte ordering
.TP
\fB\eU\fIstuvwxyz\fR
(where
\fIstuvwxyz\fR
is exactly eight hexadecimal digits)
reserved for a somewhat-hypothetical Unicode extension to 32 bits
.TP
\fB\ev\fR
vertical tab, as in C
are all available.
.TP
\fB\ex\fIhhh\fR
(where
\fIhhh\fR
is any sequence of hexadecimal digits)
the character whose hexadecimal value is
\fB0x\fIhhh\fR
(a single character no matter how many hexadecimal digits are used).
.TP
\fB\e0\fR
the character whose value is
\fB0\fR
.TP
\fB\e\fIxy\fR
(where
\fIxy\fR
is exactly two octal digits,
and is not a
\fIback reference\fR (see below))
the character whose octal value is
\fB0\fIxy\fR
.TP
\fB\e\fIxyz\fR
(where
\fIxyz\fR
is exactly three octal digits,
and is not a
back reference (see below))
the character whose octal value is
\fB0\fIxyz\fR
.RE
.PP
Hexadecimal digits are `\fB0\fR'-`\fB9\fR', `\fBa\fR'-`\fBf\fR',
and `\fBA\fR'-`\fBF\fR'.
Octal digits are `\fB0\fR'-`\fB7\fR'.
.PP
The character-entry escapes are always taken as ordinary characters.
For example,
\fB\e135\fR
is
\fB]\fR
in ASCII,
but
\fB\e135\fR
does not terminate a bracket expression.
Beware, however, that some applications (e.g., C compilers) interpret
such sequences themselves before the regular-expression package
gets to see them, which may require doubling (quadrupling, etc.) the `\fB\e\fR'.
.PP
Class-shorthand escapes (AREs only) provide shorthands for certain commonly-used
character classes:
.RS 2
.TP 10
\fB\ed\fR
\fB[[:digit:]]\fR
.TP
\fB\es\fR
\fB[[:space:]]\fR
.TP
\fB\ew\fR
\fB[[:alnum:]_]\fR
(note underscore)
.TP
\fB\eD\fR
\fB[^[:digit:]]\fR
.TP
\fB\eS\fR
\fB[^[:space:]]\fR
.TP
\fB\eW\fR
\fB[^[:alnum:]_]\fR
(note underscore)
.RE
.PP
Within bracket expressions, `\fB\ed\fR', `\fB\es\fR',
and `\fB\ew\fR'\&
lose their outer brackets,
and `\fB\eD\fR', `\fB\eS\fR',
and `\fB\eW\fR'\&
are illegal.
.VS 8.2
(So, for example, \fB[a-c\ed]\fR is equivalent to \fB[a-c[:digit:]]\fR.
Also, \fB[a-c\eD]\fR, which is equivalent to \fB[a-c^[:digit:]]\fR, is illegal.)
.VE 8.2
.PP
A constraint escape (AREs only) is a constraint,
matching the empty string if specific conditions are met,
written as an escape:
.RS 2
.TP 6
\fB\eA\fR
matches only at the beginning of the string
(see MATCHING, below, for how this differs from `\fB^\fR')
.TP
\fB\em\fR
matches only at the beginning of a word
.TP
\fB\eM\fR
matches only at the end of a word
.TP
\fB\ey\fR
matches only at the beginning or end of a word
.TP
\fB\eY\fR
matches only at a point that is not the beginning or end of a word
.TP
\fB\eZ\fR
matches only at the end of the string
(see MATCHING, below, for how this differs from `\fB$\fR')
.TP
\fB\e\fIm\fR
(where
\fIm\fR
is a nonzero digit) a \fIback reference\fR, see below
.TP
\fB\e\fImnn\fR
(where
\fIm\fR
is a nonzero digit, and
\fInn\fR
is some more digits,
and the decimal value
\fImnn\fR
is not greater than the number of closing capturing parentheses seen so far)
a \fIback reference\fR, see below
.RE
.PP
A word is defined as in the specification of
\fB[[:<:]]\fR
and
\fB[[:>:]]\fR
above.
Constraint escapes are illegal within bracket expressions.
.PP
A back reference (AREs only) matches the same string matched by the parenthesized
subexpression specified by the number,
so that (e.g.)
\fB([bc])\e1\fR
matches
\fBbb\fR
or
\fBcc\fR
but not `\fBbc\fR'.
The subexpression must entirely precede the back reference in the RE.
Subexpressions are numbered in the order of their leading parentheses.
Non-capturing parentheses do not define subexpressions.
.PP
There is an inherent historical ambiguity between octal character-entry
escapes and back references, which is resolved by heuristics,
as hinted at above.
A leading zero always indicates an octal escape.
A single non-zero digit, not followed by another digit,
is always taken as a back reference.
A multi-digit sequence not starting with a zero is taken as a back
reference if it comes after a suitable subexpression
(i.e. the number is in the legal range for a back reference),
and otherwise is taken as octal.
.SH "METASYNTAX"
In addition to the main syntax described above, there are some special
forms and miscellaneous syntactic facilities available.
.PP
Normally the flavor of RE being used is specified by
application-dependent means.
However, this can be overridden by a \fIdirector\fR.
If an RE of any flavor begins with `\fB***:\fR',
the rest of the RE is an ARE.
If an RE of any flavor begins with `\fB***=\fR',
the rest of the RE is taken to be a literal string,
with all characters considered ordinary characters.
.PP
An ARE may begin with \fIembedded options\fR:
a sequence
\fB(?\fIxyz\fB)\fR
(where
\fIxyz\fR
is one or more alphabetic characters)
specifies options affecting the rest of the RE.
These supplement, and can override,
any options specified by the application.
The available option letters are:
.RS 2
.TP 3
\fBb\fR
rest of RE is a BRE
.TP 3
\fBc\fR
case-sensitive matching (usual default)
.TP 3
\fBe\fR
rest of RE is an ERE
.TP 3
\fBi\fR
case-insensitive matching (see MATCHING, below)
.TP 3
\fBm\fR
historical synonym for
\fBn\fR
.TP 3
\fBn\fR
newline-sensitive matching (see MATCHING, below)
.TP 3
\fBp\fR
partial newline-sensitive matching (see MATCHING, below)
.TP 3
\fBq\fR
rest of RE is a literal (``quoted'') string, all ordinary characters
.TP 3
\fBs\fR
non-newline-sensitive matching (usual default)
.TP 3
\fBt\fR
tight syntax (usual default; see below)
.TP 3
\fBw\fR
inverse partial newline-sensitive (``weird'') matching (see MATCHING, below)
.TP 3
\fBx\fR
expanded syntax (see below)
.RE
.PP
Embedded options take effect at the
\fB)\fR
terminating the sequence.
They are available only at the start of an ARE,
and may not be used later within it.
.PP
In addition to the usual (\fItight\fR) RE syntax, in which all characters are
significant, there is an \fIexpanded\fR syntax,
available in all flavors of RE
with the \fB-expanded\fR switch, or in AREs with the embedded x option.
In the expanded syntax,
white-space characters are ignored
and all characters between a
\fB#\fR
and the following newline (or the end of the RE) are ignored,
permitting paragraphing and commenting a complex RE.
There are three exceptions to that basic rule:
.RS 2
.PP
a white-space character or `\fB#\fR' preceded by `\fB\e\fR' is retained
.PP
white space or `\fB#\fR' within a bracket expression is retained
.PP
white space and comments are illegal within multi-character symbols
like the ARE `\fB(?:\fR' or the BRE `\fB\e(\fR'
.RE
.PP
Expanded-syntax white-space characters are blank, tab, newline, and
.VS 8.2
any character that belongs to the \fIspace\fR character class.
.VE 8.2
.PP
Finally, in an ARE,
outside bracket expressions, the sequence `\fB(?#\fIttt\fB)\fR'
(where
\fIttt\fR
is any text not containing a `\fB)\fR')
is a comment,
completely ignored.
Again, this is not allowed between the characters of
multi-character symbols like `\fB(?:\fR'.
Such comments are more a historical artifact than a useful facility,
and their use is deprecated;
use the expanded syntax instead.
.PP
\fINone\fR of these metasyntax extensions is available if the application
(or an initial
\fB***=\fR
director)
has specified that the user's input be treated as a literal string
rather than as an RE.
.SH MATCHING
In the event that an RE could match more than one substring of a given
string,
the RE matches the one starting earliest in the string.
If the RE could match more than one substring starting at that point,
its choice is determined by its \fIpreference\fR:
either the longest substring, or the shortest.
.PP
Most atoms, and all constraints, have no preference.
A parenthesized RE has the same preference (possibly none) as the RE.
A quantified atom with quantifier
\fB{\fIm\fB}\fR
or
\fB{\fIm\fB}?\fR
has the same preference (possibly none) as the atom itself.
A quantified atom with other normal quantifiers (including
\fB{\fIm\fB,\fIn\fB}\fR
with
\fIm\fR
equal to
\fIn\fR)
prefers longest match.
A quantified atom with other non-greedy quantifiers (including
\fB{\fIm\fB,\fIn\fB}?\fR
with
\fIm\fR
equal to
\fIn\fR)
prefers shortest match.
A branch has the same preference as the first quantified atom in it
which has a preference.
An RE consisting of two or more branches connected by the
\fB|\fR
operator prefers longest match.
.PP
Subject to the constraints imposed by the rules for matching the whole RE,
subexpressions also match the longest or shortest possible substrings,
based on their preferences,
with subexpressions starting earlier in the RE taking priority over
ones starting later.
Note that outer subexpressions thus take priority over
their component subexpressions.
.PP
Note that the quantifiers
\fB{1,1}\fR
and
\fB{1,1}?\fR
can be used to force longest and shortest preference, respectively,
on a subexpression or a whole RE.
.PP
Match lengths are measured in characters, not collating elements.
An empty string is considered longer than no match at all.
For example,
\fBbb*\fR
matches the three middle characters of `\fBabbbc\fR',
\fB(week|wee)(night|knights)\fR
matches all ten characters of `\fBweeknights\fR',
when
\fB(.*).*\fR
is matched against
\fBabc\fR
the parenthesized subexpression
matches all three characters, and
when
\fB(a*)*\fR
is matched against
\fBbc\fR
both the whole RE and the parenthesized
subexpression match an empty string.
.PP
If case-independent matching is specified,
the effect is much as if all case distinctions had vanished from the
alphabet.
When an alphabetic that exists in multiple cases appears as an
ordinary character outside a bracket expression, it is effectively
transformed into a bracket expression containing both cases,
so that
\fBx\fR
becomes `\fB[xX]\fR'.
When it appears inside a bracket expression, all case counterparts
of it are added to the bracket expression, so that
\fB[x]\fR
becomes
\fB[xX]\fR
and
\fB[^x]\fR
becomes `\fB[^xX]\fR'.
.PP
If newline-sensitive matching is specified, \fB.\fR
and bracket expressions using
\fB^\fR
will never match the newline character
(so that matches will never cross newlines unless the RE
explicitly arranges it)
and
\fB^\fR
and
\fB$\fR
will match the empty string after and before a newline
respectively, in addition to matching at beginning and end of string
respectively.
ARE
\fB\eA\fR
and
\fB\eZ\fR
continue to match beginning or end of string \fIonly\fR.
.PP
If partial newline-sensitive matching is specified,
this affects \fB.\fR
and bracket expressions
as with newline-sensitive matching, but not
\fB^\fR
and `\fB$\fR'.
.PP
If inverse partial newline-sensitive matching is specified,
this affects
\fB^\fR
and
\fB$\fR
as with
newline-sensitive matching,
but not \fB.\fR
and bracket expressions.
This isn't very useful but is provided for symmetry.
.SH "LIMITS AND COMPATIBILITY"
No particular limit is imposed on the length of REs.
Programs intended to be highly portable should not employ REs longer
than 256 bytes,
as a POSIX-compliant implementation can refuse to accept such REs.
.PP
The only feature of AREs that is actually incompatible with
POSIX EREs is that
\fB\e\fR
does not lose its special
significance inside bracket expressions.
All other ARE features use syntax which is illegal or has
undefined or unspecified effects in POSIX EREs;
the
\fB***\fR
syntax of directors likewise is outside the POSIX
syntax for both BREs and EREs.
.PP
Many of the ARE extensions are borrowed from Perl, but some have
been changed to clean them up, and a few Perl extensions are not present.
Incompatibilities of note include `\fB\eb\fR', `\fB\eB\fR',
the lack of special treatment for a trailing newline,
the addition of complemented bracket expressions to the things
affected by newline-sensitive matching,
the restrictions on parentheses and back references in lookahead constraints,
and the longest/shortest-match (rather than first-match) matching semantics.
.PP
The matching rules for REs containing both normal and non-greedy quantifiers
have changed since early beta-test versions of this package.
(The new rules are much simpler and cleaner,
but don't work as hard at guessing the user's real intentions.)
.PP
Henry Spencer's original 1986 \fIregexp\fR package,
still in widespread use (e.g., in pre-8.1 releases of Tcl),
implemented an early version of today's EREs.
There are four incompatibilities between \fIregexp\fR's near-EREs
(`RREs' for short) and AREs.
In roughly increasing order of significance:
.PP
.RS
In AREs,
\fB\e\fR
followed by an alphanumeric character is either an
escape or an error,
while in RREs, it was just another way of writing the
alphanumeric.
This should not be a problem because there was no reason to write
such a sequence in RREs.
.PP
\fB{\fR
followed by a digit in an ARE is the beginning of a bound,
while in RREs,
\fB{\fR
was always an ordinary character.
Such sequences should be rare,
and will often result in an error because following characters
will not look like a valid bound.
.PP
In AREs,
\fB\e\fR
remains a special character within `\fB[\|]\fR',
so a literal
\fB\e\fR
within
\fB[\|]\fR
must be written `\fB\e\e\fR'.
\fB\e\e\fR
also gives a literal
\fB\e\fR
within
\fB[\|]\fR
in RREs,
but only truly paranoid programmers routinely doubled the backslash.
.PP
AREs report the longest/shortest match for the RE,
rather than the first found in a specified search order.
This may affect some RREs which were written in the expectation that
the first match would be reported.
(The careful crafting of RREs to optimize the search order for fast
matching is obsolete (AREs examine all possible matches
in parallel, and their performance is largely insensitive to their
complexity) but cases where the search order was exploited to deliberately
find a match which was \fInot\fR the longest/shortest will need rewriting.)
.RE
.SH "BASIC REGULAR EXPRESSIONS"
BREs differ from EREs in several respects. `\fB|\fR', `\fB+\fR',
and
\fB?\fR
are ordinary characters and there is no equivalent
for their functionality.
The delimiters for bounds are
\fB\e{\fR
and `\fB\e}\fR',
with
\fB{\fR
and
\fB}\fR
by themselves ordinary characters.
The parentheses for nested subexpressions are
\fB\e(\fR
and `\fB\e)\fR',
with
\fB(\fR
and
\fB)\fR
by themselves ordinary characters.
\fB^\fR
is an ordinary character except at the beginning of the
RE or the beginning of a parenthesized subexpression,
\fB$\fR
is an ordinary character except at the end of the
RE or the end of a parenthesized subexpression,
and
\fB*\fR
is an ordinary character if it appears at the beginning of the
RE or the beginning of a parenthesized subexpression
(after a possible leading `\fB^\fR').
Finally,
single-digit back references are available,
and
\fB\e<\fR
and
\fB\e>\fR
are synonyms for
\fB[[:<:]]\fR
and
\fB[[:>:]]\fR
respectively;
no other escapes are available.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
RegExp(3), regexp(n), regsub(n), lsearch(n), switch(n), text(n)
.SH KEYWORDS
match, regular expression, string

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/*
* DFA routines
* This file is #included by regexec.c.
*
* Copyright (c) 1998, 1999 Henry Spencer. All rights reserved.
*
* Development of this software was funded, in part, by Cray Research Inc.,
* UUNET Communications Services Inc., Sun Microsystems Inc., and Scriptics
* Corporation, none of whom are responsible for the results. The author
* thanks all of them.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms -- with or without
* modification -- are permitted for any purpose, provided that
* redistributions in source form retain this entire copyright notice and
* indicate the origin and nature of any modifications.
*
* I'd appreciate being given credit for this package in the documentation
* of software which uses it, but that is not a requirement.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
* INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
* AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL
* HENRY SPENCER BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
* EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
* PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS;
* OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
* WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR
* OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
* ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*
* $Header$
*
*/
/*
* longest - longest-preferred matching engine
*/
static chr * /* endpoint, or NULL */
longest(struct vars * v, /* used only for debug and exec flags */
struct dfa * d,
chr *start, /* where the match should start */
chr *stop, /* match must end at or before here */
int *hitstopp) /* record whether hit v->stop, if non-NULL */
{
chr *cp;
chr *realstop = (stop == v->stop) ? stop : stop + 1;
color co;
struct sset *css;
struct sset *ss;
chr *post;
int i;
struct colormap *cm = d->cm;
/* initialize */
css = initialize(v, d, start);
cp = start;
if (hitstopp != NULL)
*hitstopp = 0;
/* startup */
FDEBUG(("+++ startup +++\n"));
if (cp == v->start)
{
co = d->cnfa->bos[(v->eflags & REG_NOTBOL) ? 0 : 1];
FDEBUG(("color %ld\n", (long) co));
}
else
{
co = GETCOLOR(cm, *(cp - 1));
FDEBUG(("char %c, color %ld\n", (char) *(cp - 1), (long) co));
}
css = miss(v, d, css, co, cp, start);
if (css == NULL)
return NULL;
css->lastseen = cp;
/* main loop */
if (v->eflags & REG_FTRACE)
while (cp < realstop)
{
FDEBUG(("+++ at c%d +++\n", css - d->ssets));
co = GETCOLOR(cm, *cp);
FDEBUG(("char %c, color %ld\n", (char) *cp, (long) co));
ss = css->outs[co];
if (ss == NULL)
{
ss = miss(v, d, css, co, cp + 1, start);
if (ss == NULL)
break; /* NOTE BREAK OUT */
}
cp++;
ss->lastseen = cp;
css = ss;
}
else
while (cp < realstop)
{
co = GETCOLOR(cm, *cp);
ss = css->outs[co];
if (ss == NULL)
{
ss = miss(v, d, css, co, cp + 1, start);
if (ss == NULL)
break; /* NOTE BREAK OUT */
}
cp++;
ss->lastseen = cp;
css = ss;
}
/* shutdown */
FDEBUG(("+++ shutdown at c%d +++\n", css - d->ssets));
if (cp == v->stop && stop == v->stop)
{
if (hitstopp != NULL)
*hitstopp = 1;
co = d->cnfa->eos[(v->eflags & REG_NOTEOL) ? 0 : 1];
FDEBUG(("color %ld\n", (long) co));
ss = miss(v, d, css, co, cp, start);
/* special case: match ended at eol? */
if (ss != NULL && (ss->flags & POSTSTATE))
return cp;
else if (ss != NULL)
ss->lastseen = cp; /* to be tidy */
}
/* find last match, if any */
post = d->lastpost;
for (ss = d->ssets, i = d->nssused; i > 0; ss++, i--)
if ((ss->flags & POSTSTATE) && post != ss->lastseen &&
(post == NULL || post < ss->lastseen))
post = ss->lastseen;
if (post != NULL) /* found one */
return post - 1;
return NULL;
}
/*
* shortest - shortest-preferred matching engine
*/
static chr * /* endpoint, or NULL */
shortest(struct vars * v,
struct dfa * d,
chr *start, /* where the match should start */
chr *min, /* match must end at or after here */
chr *max, /* match must end at or before here */
chr **coldp, /* store coldstart pointer here, if
* nonNULL */
int *hitstopp) /* record whether hit v->stop, if non-NULL */
{
chr *cp;
chr *realmin = (min == v->stop) ? min : min + 1;
chr *realmax = (max == v->stop) ? max : max + 1;
color co;
struct sset *css;
struct sset *ss;
struct colormap *cm = d->cm;
/* initialize */
css = initialize(v, d, start);
cp = start;
if (hitstopp != NULL)
*hitstopp = 0;
/* startup */
FDEBUG(("--- startup ---\n"));
if (cp == v->start)
{
co = d->cnfa->bos[(v->eflags & REG_NOTBOL) ? 0 : 1];
FDEBUG(("color %ld\n", (long) co));
}
else
{
co = GETCOLOR(cm, *(cp - 1));
FDEBUG(("char %c, color %ld\n", (char) *(cp - 1), (long) co));
}
css = miss(v, d, css, co, cp, start);
if (css == NULL)
return NULL;
css->lastseen = cp;
ss = css;
/* main loop */
if (v->eflags & REG_FTRACE)
while (cp < realmax)
{
FDEBUG(("--- at c%d ---\n", css - d->ssets));
co = GETCOLOR(cm, *cp);
FDEBUG(("char %c, color %ld\n", (char) *cp, (long) co));
ss = css->outs[co];
if (ss == NULL)
{
ss = miss(v, d, css, co, cp + 1, start);
if (ss == NULL)
break; /* NOTE BREAK OUT */
}
cp++;
ss->lastseen = cp;
css = ss;
if ((ss->flags & POSTSTATE) && cp >= realmin)
break; /* NOTE BREAK OUT */
}
else
while (cp < realmax)
{
co = GETCOLOR(cm, *cp);
ss = css->outs[co];
if (ss == NULL)
{
ss = miss(v, d, css, co, cp + 1, start);
if (ss == NULL)
break; /* NOTE BREAK OUT */
}
cp++;
ss->lastseen = cp;
css = ss;
if ((ss->flags & POSTSTATE) && cp >= realmin)
break; /* NOTE BREAK OUT */
}
if (ss == NULL)
return NULL;
if (coldp != NULL) /* report last no-progress state set, if
* any */
*coldp = lastcold(v, d);
if ((ss->flags & POSTSTATE) && cp > min)
{
assert(cp >= realmin);
cp--;
}
else if (cp == v->stop && max == v->stop)
{
co = d->cnfa->eos[(v->eflags & REG_NOTEOL) ? 0 : 1];
FDEBUG(("color %ld\n", (long) co));
ss = miss(v, d, css, co, cp, start);
/* match might have ended at eol */
if ((ss == NULL || !(ss->flags & POSTSTATE)) && hitstopp != NULL)
*hitstopp = 1;
}
if (ss == NULL || !(ss->flags & POSTSTATE))
return NULL;
return cp;
}
/*
* lastcold - determine last point at which no progress had been made
*/
static chr * /* endpoint, or NULL */
lastcold(struct vars * v,
struct dfa * d)
{
struct sset *ss;
chr *nopr;
int i;
nopr = d->lastnopr;
if (nopr == NULL)
nopr = v->start;
for (ss = d->ssets, i = d->nssused; i > 0; ss++, i--)
if ((ss->flags & NOPROGRESS) && nopr < ss->lastseen)
nopr = ss->lastseen;
return nopr;
}
/*
* newdfa - set up a fresh DFA
*/
static struct dfa *
newdfa(struct vars * v,
struct cnfa * cnfa,
struct colormap * cm,
struct smalldfa * small) /* preallocated space, may be NULL */
{
struct dfa *d;
size_t nss = cnfa->nstates * 2;
int wordsper = (cnfa->nstates + UBITS - 1) / UBITS;
struct smalldfa *smallwas = small;
assert(cnfa != NULL && cnfa->nstates != 0);
if (nss <= FEWSTATES && cnfa->ncolors <= FEWCOLORS)
{
assert(wordsper == 1);
if (small == NULL)
{
small = (struct smalldfa *) MALLOC(
sizeof(struct smalldfa));
if (small == NULL)
{
ERR(REG_ESPACE);
return NULL;
}
}
d = &small->dfa;
d->ssets = small->ssets;
d->statesarea = small->statesarea;
d->work = &d->statesarea[nss];
d->outsarea = small->outsarea;
d->incarea = small->incarea;
d->cptsmalloced = 0;
d->mallocarea = (smallwas == NULL) ? (char *) small : NULL;
}
else
{
d = (struct dfa *) MALLOC(sizeof(struct dfa));
if (d == NULL)
{
ERR(REG_ESPACE);
return NULL;
}
d->ssets = (struct sset *) MALLOC(nss * sizeof(struct sset));
d->statesarea = (unsigned *) MALLOC((nss + WORK) * wordsper *
sizeof(unsigned));
d->work = &d->statesarea[nss * wordsper];
d->outsarea = (struct sset **) MALLOC(nss * cnfa->ncolors *
sizeof(struct sset *));
d->incarea = (struct arcp *) MALLOC(nss * cnfa->ncolors *
sizeof(struct arcp));
d->cptsmalloced = 1;
d->mallocarea = (char *) d;
if (d->ssets == NULL || d->statesarea == NULL ||
d->outsarea == NULL || d->incarea == NULL)
{
freedfa(d);
ERR(REG_ESPACE);
return NULL;
}
}
d->nssets = (v->eflags & REG_SMALL) ? 7 : nss;
d->nssused = 0;
d->nstates = cnfa->nstates;
d->ncolors = cnfa->ncolors;
d->wordsper = wordsper;
d->cnfa = cnfa;
d->cm = cm;
d->lastpost = NULL;
d->lastnopr = NULL;
d->search = d->ssets;
/* initialization of sset fields is done as needed */
return d;
}
/*
* freedfa - free a DFA
*/
static void
freedfa(struct dfa * d)
{
if (d->cptsmalloced)
{
if (d->ssets != NULL)
FREE(d->ssets);
if (d->statesarea != NULL)
FREE(d->statesarea);
if (d->outsarea != NULL)
FREE(d->outsarea);
if (d->incarea != NULL)
FREE(d->incarea);
}
if (d->mallocarea != NULL)
FREE(d->mallocarea);
}
/*
* hash - construct a hash code for a bitvector
*
* There are probably better ways, but they're more expensive.
*/
static unsigned
hash(unsigned *uv,
int n)
{
int i;
unsigned h;
h = 0;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
h ^= uv[i];
return h;
}
/*
* initialize - hand-craft a cache entry for startup, otherwise get ready
*/
static struct sset *
initialize(struct vars * v, /* used only for debug flags */
struct dfa * d,
chr *start)
{
struct sset *ss;
int i;
/* is previous one still there? */
if (d->nssused > 0 && (d->ssets[0].flags & STARTER))
ss = &d->ssets[0];
else
{ /* no, must (re)build it */
ss = getvacant(v, d, start, start);
for (i = 0; i < d->wordsper; i++)
ss->states[i] = 0;
BSET(ss->states, d->cnfa->pre);
ss->hash = HASH(ss->states, d->wordsper);
assert(d->cnfa->pre != d->cnfa->post);
ss->flags = STARTER | LOCKED | NOPROGRESS;
/* lastseen dealt with below */
}
for (i = 0; i < d->nssused; i++)
d->ssets[i].lastseen = NULL;
ss->lastseen = start; /* maybe untrue, but harmless */
d->lastpost = NULL;
d->lastnopr = NULL;
return ss;
}
/*
* miss - handle a cache miss
*/
static struct sset * /* NULL if goes to empty set */
miss(struct vars * v, /* used only for debug flags */
struct dfa * d,
struct sset * css,
pcolor co,
chr *cp, /* next chr */
chr *start) /* where the attempt got started */
{
struct cnfa *cnfa = d->cnfa;
int i;
unsigned h;
struct carc *ca;
struct sset *p;
int ispost;
int noprogress;
int gotstate;
int dolacons;
int sawlacons;
/* for convenience, we can be called even if it might not be a miss */
if (css->outs[co] != NULL)
{
FDEBUG(("hit\n"));
return css->outs[co];
}
FDEBUG(("miss\n"));
/* first, what set of states would we end up in? */
for (i = 0; i < d->wordsper; i++)
d->work[i] = 0;
ispost = 0;
noprogress = 1;
gotstate = 0;
for (i = 0; i < d->nstates; i++)
if (ISBSET(css->states, i))
for (ca = cnfa->states[i] + 1; ca->co != COLORLESS; ca++)
if (ca->co == co)
{
BSET(d->work, ca->to);
gotstate = 1;
if (ca->to == cnfa->post)
ispost = 1;
if (!cnfa->states[ca->to]->co)
noprogress = 0;
FDEBUG(("%d -> %d\n", i, ca->to));
}
dolacons = (gotstate) ? (cnfa->flags & HASLACONS) : 0;
sawlacons = 0;
while (dolacons)
{ /* transitive closure */
dolacons = 0;
for (i = 0; i < d->nstates; i++)
if (ISBSET(d->work, i))
for (ca = cnfa->states[i] + 1; ca->co != COLORLESS;
ca++)
{
if (ca->co <= cnfa->ncolors)
continue; /* NOTE CONTINUE */
sawlacons = 1;
if (ISBSET(d->work, ca->to))
continue; /* NOTE CONTINUE */
if (!lacon(v, cnfa, cp, ca->co))
continue; /* NOTE CONTINUE */
BSET(d->work, ca->to);
dolacons = 1;
if (ca->to == cnfa->post)
ispost = 1;
if (!cnfa->states[ca->to]->co)
noprogress = 0;
FDEBUG(("%d :> %d\n", i, ca->to));
}
}
if (!gotstate)
return NULL;
h = HASH(d->work, d->wordsper);
/* next, is that in the cache? */
for (p = d->ssets, i = d->nssused; i > 0; p++, i--)
if (HIT(h, d->work, p, d->wordsper))
{
FDEBUG(("cached c%d\n", p - d->ssets));
break; /* NOTE BREAK OUT */
}
if (i == 0)
{ /* nope, need a new cache entry */
p = getvacant(v, d, cp, start);
assert(p != css);
for (i = 0; i < d->wordsper; i++)
p->states[i] = d->work[i];
p->hash = h;
p->flags = (ispost) ? POSTSTATE : 0;
if (noprogress)
p->flags |= NOPROGRESS;
/* lastseen to be dealt with by caller */
}
if (!sawlacons)
{ /* lookahead conds. always cache miss */
FDEBUG(("c%d[%d]->c%d\n", css - d->ssets, co, p - d->ssets));
css->outs[co] = p;
css->inchain[co] = p->ins;
p->ins.ss = css;
p->ins.co = (color) co;
}
return p;
}
/*
* lacon - lookahead-constraint checker for miss()
*/
static int /* predicate: constraint satisfied? */
lacon(struct vars * v,
struct cnfa * pcnfa, /* parent cnfa */
chr *cp,
pcolor co) /* "color" of the lookahead constraint */
{
int n;
struct subre *sub;
struct dfa *d;
struct smalldfa sd;
chr *end;
n = co - pcnfa->ncolors;
assert(n < v->g->nlacons && v->g->lacons != NULL);
FDEBUG(("=== testing lacon %d\n", n));
sub = &v->g->lacons[n];
d = newdfa(v, &sub->cnfa, &v->g->cmap, &sd);
if (d == NULL)
{
ERR(REG_ESPACE);
return 0;
}
end = longest(v, d, cp, v->stop, (int *) NULL);
freedfa(d);
FDEBUG(("=== lacon %d match %d\n", n, (end != NULL)));
return (sub->subno) ? (end != NULL) : (end == NULL);
}
/*
* getvacant - get a vacant state set
* This routine clears out the inarcs and outarcs, but does not otherwise
* clear the innards of the state set -- that's up to the caller.
*/
static struct sset *
getvacant(struct vars * v, /* used only for debug flags */
struct dfa * d,
chr *cp,
chr *start)
{
int i;
struct sset *ss;
struct sset *p;
struct arcp ap;
struct arcp lastap;
color co;
ss = pickss(v, d, cp, start);
assert(!(ss->flags & LOCKED));
/* clear out its inarcs, including self-referential ones */
ap = ss->ins;
while ((p = ap.ss) != NULL)
{
co = ap.co;
FDEBUG(("zapping c%d's %ld outarc\n", p - d->ssets, (long) co));
p->outs[co] = NULL;
ap = p->inchain[co];
p->inchain[co].ss = NULL; /* paranoia */
}
ss->ins.ss = NULL;
/* take it off the inarc chains of the ssets reached by its outarcs */
for (i = 0; i < d->ncolors; i++)
{
p = ss->outs[i];
assert(p != ss); /* not self-referential */
if (p == NULL)
continue; /* NOTE CONTINUE */
FDEBUG(("del outarc %d from c%d's in chn\n", i, p - d->ssets));
if (p->ins.ss == ss && p->ins.co == i)
p->ins = ss->inchain[i];
else
{
assert(p->ins.ss != NULL);
for (ap = p->ins; ap.ss != NULL &&
!(ap.ss == ss && ap.co == i);
ap = ap.ss->inchain[ap.co])
lastap = ap;
assert(ap.ss != NULL);
lastap.ss->inchain[lastap.co] = ss->inchain[i];
}
ss->outs[i] = NULL;
ss->inchain[i].ss = NULL;
}
/* if ss was a success state, may need to remember location */
if ((ss->flags & POSTSTATE) && ss->lastseen != d->lastpost &&
(d->lastpost == NULL || d->lastpost < ss->lastseen))
d->lastpost = ss->lastseen;
/* likewise for a no-progress state */
if ((ss->flags & NOPROGRESS) && ss->lastseen != d->lastnopr &&
(d->lastnopr == NULL || d->lastnopr < ss->lastseen))
d->lastnopr = ss->lastseen;
return ss;
}
/*
* pickss - pick the next stateset to be used
*/
static struct sset *
pickss(struct vars * v, /* used only for debug flags */
struct dfa * d,
chr *cp,
chr *start)
{
int i;
struct sset *ss;
struct sset *end;
chr *ancient;
/* shortcut for cases where cache isn't full */
if (d->nssused < d->nssets)
{
i = d->nssused;
d->nssused++;
ss = &d->ssets[i];
FDEBUG(("new c%d\n", i));
/* set up innards */
ss->states = &d->statesarea[i * d->wordsper];
ss->flags = 0;
ss->ins.ss = NULL;
ss->ins.co = WHITE; /* give it some value */
ss->outs = &d->outsarea[i * d->ncolors];
ss->inchain = &d->incarea[i * d->ncolors];
for (i = 0; i < d->ncolors; i++)
{
ss->outs[i] = NULL;
ss->inchain[i].ss = NULL;
}
return ss;
}
/* look for oldest, or old enough anyway */
if (cp - start > d->nssets * 2 / 3) /* oldest 33% are expendable */
ancient = cp - d->nssets * 2 / 3;
else
ancient = start;
for (ss = d->search, end = &d->ssets[d->nssets]; ss < end; ss++)
if ((ss->lastseen == NULL || ss->lastseen < ancient) &&
!(ss->flags & LOCKED))
{
d->search = ss + 1;
FDEBUG(("replacing c%d\n", ss - d->ssets));
return ss;
}
for (ss = d->ssets, end = d->search; ss < end; ss++)
if ((ss->lastseen == NULL || ss->lastseen < ancient) &&
!(ss->flags & LOCKED))
{
d->search = ss + 1;
FDEBUG(("replacing c%d\n", ss - d->ssets));
return ss;
}
/* nobody's old enough?!? -- something's really wrong */
FDEBUG(("can't find victim to replace!\n"));
assert(NOTREACHED);
ERR(REG_ASSERT);
return d->ssets;
}