parser.hpp

/*
    SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    Copyright © 2023 Amebis
*/
 
#pragma once
 
#include "interval.hpp"
#include "memory.hpp"
#include "sal.hpp"
#include "sgml.hpp"
#include "string.hpp"
#include <assert.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <limits>
#include <list>
#include <memory>
#include <set>
#include <string>
#ifdef _WIN32
#include <winsock2.h>
#else
#include <inaddr.h>
#include <in6addr.h>
#endif
 
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#pragma warning(push)
#pragma warning(disable: 4100)
#endif
 
namespace stdex
{
    namespace parser
    {
        constexpr int match_default = 0;
        constexpr int match_case_insensitive = 0x1;
        constexpr int match_multiline = 0x2;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_tester
        {
        public:
            basic_tester(_In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) : m_locale(locale) {}
            virtual ~basic_tester() {}
 
            bool search(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                for (size_t i = start; i < end && text[i]; i++)
                    if (match(text, i, end, flags))
                        return true;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default) = 0;
 
            template<class _Traits, class _Ax>
            inline bool match(
                const std::basic_string<T, _Traits, _Ax>& text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                return match(text.c_str(), start, std::min<size_t>(end, text.size()), flags);
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                interval.start = 1;
                interval.end = 0;
            }
 
        protected:
            const wchar_t* next_sgml_cp(_In_ const char* text, _In_ size_t start, _In_ size_t end, _Out_ size_t& chr_end, _Out_ wchar_t(&buf)[3])
            {
                if (text[start] == '&') {
                    // Potential entity start
                    const auto& ctype = std::use_facet<std::ctype<T>>(m_locale);
                    for (chr_end = start + 1;; chr_end++) {
                        if (chr_end >= end || text[chr_end] == 0) {
                            // Unterminated entity
                            break;
                        }
                        if (text[chr_end] == ';') {
                            // Entity end
                            size_t n = chr_end - start - 1;
                            if (n >= 2 && text[start + 1] == '#') {
                                // Numerical entity
                                char32_t unicode;
                                if (text[start + 2] == 'x' || text[start + 2] == 'X')
                                    unicode = strtou32(text + start + 3, n - 2, nullptr, 16);
                                else
                                    unicode = strtou32(text + start + 2, n - 1, nullptr, 10);
#ifdef _WIN32
                                if (unicode < 0x10000) {
                                    buf[0] = (wchar_t)unicode;
                                    buf[1] = 0;
                                }
                                else {
                                    ucs4_to_surrogate_pair(buf, unicode);
                                    buf[2] = 0;
                                }
#else
                                buf[0] = (wchar_t)unicode;
                                buf[1] = 0;
#endif
                                chr_end++;
                                return buf;
                            }
                            const wchar_t* entity_w = sgml2uni(text + start + 1, n);
                            if (entity_w) {
                                chr_end++;
                                return entity_w;
                            }
                            // Unknown entity.
                            break;
                        }
                        else if (text[chr_end] == '&' || ctype.is(ctype.space, text[chr_end])) {
                            // This char cannot possibly be a part of entity.
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
                buf[0] = text[start];
                buf[1] = 0;
                chr_end = start + 1;
                return buf;
            }
 
        public:
            interval<size_t> interval; 
 
        protected:
            const std::locale& m_locale;
        };
 
        using tester = basic_tester<char>;
        using wtester = basic_tester<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using ttester = wtester;
#else
        using ttester = tester;
#endif
        using sgml_tester = basic_tester<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_noop : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    interval.start = interval.end = start;
                    return true;
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
        };
 
        using noop = basic_noop<char>;
        using wnoop = basic_noop<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tnoop = wnoop;
#else
        using tnoop = noop;
#endif
        using sgml_noop = basic_noop<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_any_cu : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    interval.end = (interval.start = start) + 1;
                    return true;
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
        };
 
        using any_cu = basic_any_cu<char>;
        using wany_cu = basic_any_cu<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tany_cu = wany_cu;
#else
        using tany_cu = any_cu;
#endif
 
        class sgml_any_cp : public basic_any_cu<char>
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    if (text[start] == '&') {
                        // SGML entity
                        const auto& ctype = std::use_facet<std::ctype<char>>(m_locale);
                        for (interval.end = start + 1; interval.end < end && text[interval.end]; interval.end++)
                            if (text[interval.end] == ';') {
                                interval.end++;
                                interval.start = start;
                                return true;
                            }
                            else if (text[interval.end] == '&' || ctype.is(ctype.space, text[interval.end]))
                                break;
                        // Unterminated entity
                    }
                    interval.end = (interval.start = start) + 1;
                    return true;
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
        };
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_cu : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_cu(T chr, bool invert = false, _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                m_chr(chr),
                m_invert(invert)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    bool r;
                    if (flags & match_case_insensitive) {
                        const auto& ctype = std::use_facet<std::ctype<T>>(m_locale);
                        r = ctype.tolower(text[start]) == ctype.tolower(m_chr);
                    }
                    else
                        r = text[start] == m_chr;
                    if (r && !m_invert || !r && m_invert) {
                        interval.end = (interval.start = start) + 1;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
        protected:
            T m_chr;
            bool m_invert;
        };
 
        using cu = basic_cu<char>;
        using wcu = basic_cu<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tcu = wcu;
#else
        using tcu = cu;
#endif
 
        class sgml_cp : public sgml_tester
        {
        public:
            sgml_cp(const char* chr, size_t count = (size_t)-1, bool invert = false, _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                sgml_tester(locale),
                m_invert(invert)
            {
                assert(chr || !count);
                wchar_t buf[3];
                size_t chr_end;
                m_chr.assign(count ? next_sgml_cp(chr, 0, count, chr_end, buf) : L"");
            }
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    wchar_t buf[3];
                    const wchar_t* chr = next_sgml_cp(text, start, end, interval.end, buf);
                    bool r = ((flags & match_case_insensitive) ?
                        stdex::strnicmp(chr, (size_t)-1, m_chr.c_str(), m_chr.size(), m_locale) :
                        stdex::strncmp(chr, (size_t)-1, m_chr.c_str(), m_chr.size())) == 0;
                    if (r && !m_invert || !r && m_invert) {
                        interval.start = start;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
        protected:
            std::wstring m_chr;
            bool m_invert;
        };
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_space_cu : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_space_cu(bool invert = false, _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                m_invert(invert)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    bool r =
                        ((flags & match_multiline) || !islbreak(text[start])) &&
                        std::use_facet<std::ctype<T>>(m_locale).is(std::ctype_base::space, text[start]);
                    if (r && !m_invert || !r && m_invert) {
                        interval.end = (interval.start = start) + 1;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
        protected:
            bool m_invert;
        };
 
        using space_cu = basic_space_cu<char>;
        using wspace_cu = basic_space_cu<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tspace_cu = wspace_cu;
#else
        using tspace_cu = space_cu;
#endif
 
        class sgml_space_cp : public basic_space_cu<char>
        {
        public:
            sgml_space_cp(_In_ bool invert = false, _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_space_cu<char>(invert, locale)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    wchar_t buf[3];
                    const wchar_t* chr = next_sgml_cp(text, start, end, interval.end, buf);
                    const wchar_t* chr_end = chr + stdex::strlen(chr);
                    bool r =
                        ((flags & match_multiline) || !islbreak(chr, (size_t)-1)) &&
                        std::use_facet<std::ctype<wchar_t>>(m_locale).scan_not(std::ctype_base::space, chr, chr_end) == chr_end;
                    if (r && !m_invert || !r && m_invert) {
                        interval.start = start;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
 
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
        };
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_punct_cu : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_punct_cu(bool invert = false, _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                m_invert(invert)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    bool r = std::use_facet<std::ctype<T>>(m_locale).is(std::ctype_base::punct, text[start]);
                    if (r && !m_invert || !r && m_invert) {
                        interval.end = (interval.start = start) + 1;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
        protected:
            bool m_invert;
        };
 
        using punct_cu = basic_punct_cu<char>;
        using wpunct_cu = basic_punct_cu<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tpunct_cu = wpunct_cu;
#else
        using tpunct_cu = punct_cu;
#endif
 
        class sgml_punct_cp : public basic_punct_cu<char>
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    wchar_t buf[3];
                    const wchar_t* chr = next_sgml_cp(text, start, end, interval.end, buf);
                    const wchar_t* chr_end = chr + stdex::strlen(chr);
                    bool r = std::use_facet<std::ctype<wchar_t>>(m_locale).scan_not(std::ctype_base::punct, chr, chr_end) == chr_end;
                    if (r && !m_invert || !r && m_invert) {
                        interval.start = start;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
        };
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_space_or_punct_cu : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_space_or_punct_cu(bool invert = false, _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                m_invert(invert)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    bool r =
                        ((flags & match_multiline) || !islbreak(text[start])) &&
                        std::use_facet<std::ctype<T>>(m_locale).is(std::ctype_base::space | std::ctype_base::punct, text[start]);
                    if (r && !m_invert || !r && m_invert) {
                        interval.end = (interval.start = start) + 1;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
        protected:
            bool m_invert;
        };
 
        using space_or_punct_cu = basic_space_or_punct_cu<char>;
        using wspace_or_punct_cu = basic_space_or_punct_cu<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tspace_or_punct_cu = wspace_or_punct_cu;
#else
        using tspace_or_punct_cu = space_or_punct_cu;
#endif
 
        class sgml_space_or_punct_cp : public basic_space_or_punct_cu<char>
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    wchar_t buf[3];
                    const wchar_t* chr = next_sgml_cp(text, start, end, interval.end, buf);
                    const wchar_t* chr_end = chr + stdex::strlen(chr);
                    bool r =
                        ((flags & match_multiline) || !islbreak(chr, (size_t)-1)) &&
                        std::use_facet<std::ctype<wchar_t>>(m_locale).scan_not(std::ctype_base::space | std::ctype_base::punct, chr, chr_end) == chr_end;
                    if (r && !m_invert || !r && m_invert) {
                        interval.start = start;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
        };
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_bol : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_bol(bool invert = false) : m_invert(invert) {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                bool r = start == 0 || start <= end && islbreak(text[start - 1]);
                if (r && !m_invert || !r && m_invert) {
                    interval.end = interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
        protected:
            bool m_invert;
        };
 
        using bol = basic_bol<char>;
        using wbol = basic_bol<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tbol = wbol;
#else
        using tbol = bol;
#endif
        using sgml_bol = basic_bol<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_eol : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_eol(bool invert = false) : m_invert(invert) {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                bool r = islbreak(text[start]);
                if (r && !m_invert || !r && m_invert) {
                    interval.end = interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
        protected:
            bool m_invert;
        };
 
        using eol = basic_eol<char>;
        using weol = basic_eol<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using teol = weol;
#else
        using teol = eol;
#endif
        using sgml_eol = basic_eol<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_set : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_set(bool invert = false, _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                hit_offset((size_t)-1),
                m_invert(invert)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default) = 0;
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                hit_offset = (size_t)-1;
                basic_tester<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            size_t hit_offset;
 
        protected:
            bool m_invert;
        };
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_cu_set : public basic_set<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_cu_set(
                _In_reads_or_z_(count) const T* set,
                _In_ size_t count = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ bool invert = false,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_set<T>(invert, locale)
            {
                if (set)
                    m_set.assign(set, set + stdex::strnlen(set, count));
            }
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    const T* set = m_set.c_str();
                    const T* r = (flags & match_case_insensitive) ?
                        stdex::strnichr(set, text[start], m_set.size(), m_locale) :
                        stdex::strnchr(set, text[start], m_set.size());
                    if (r && !m_invert || !r && m_invert) {
                        hit_offset = r ? r - set : (size_t)-1;
                        interval.end = (interval.start = start) + 1;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                hit_offset = (size_t)-1;
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
        protected:
            std::basic_string<T> m_set;
        };
 
        using cu_set = basic_cu_set<char>;
        using wcu_set = basic_cu_set<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tcu_set = wcu_set;
#else
        using tcu_set = cu_set;
#endif
 
        class sgml_cp_set : public basic_set<char>
        {
        public:
            sgml_cp_set(const char* set, size_t count = (size_t)-1, bool invert = false, _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_set<char>(invert, locale)
            {
                if (set)
                    m_set = sgml2str(set, count);
            }
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    wchar_t buf[3];
                    const wchar_t* chr = next_sgml_cp(text, start, end, interval.end, buf);
                    const wchar_t* set = m_set.c_str();
                    const wchar_t* r = (flags & match_case_insensitive) ?
                        stdex::strnistr(set, chr, m_set.size(), m_locale) :
                        stdex::strnstr(set, chr, m_set.size());
                    if (r && !m_invert || !r && m_invert) {
                        hit_offset = r ? r - set : (size_t)-1;
                        interval.start = start;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                hit_offset = (size_t)-1;
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
        protected:
            std::wstring m_set;
        };
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_string : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_string(
                _In_reads_or_z_(count) const T* str,
                _In_ size_t count = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                m_str(str, str + stdex::strnlen(str, count))
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                size_t
                    m = m_str.size(),
                    n = std::min<size_t>(end - start, m);
                bool r = ((flags & match_case_insensitive) ?
                    stdex::strnicmp(text + start, n, m_str.c_str(), m, m_locale) :
                    stdex::strncmp(text + start, n, m_str.c_str(), m)) == 0;
                if (r) {
                    interval.end = (interval.start = start) + n;
                    return true;
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
        protected:
            std::basic_string<T> m_str;
        };
 
        using string = basic_string<char>;
        using wstring = basic_string<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tstring = wstring;
#else
        using tstring = string;
#endif
 
        class sgml_string : public sgml_tester
        {
        public:
            sgml_string(const char* str, size_t count = (size_t)-1, _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                sgml_tester(locale),
                m_str(sgml2str(str, count))
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                const wchar_t* str = m_str.c_str();
                const bool case_insensitive = flags & match_case_insensitive ? true : false;
                const auto& ctype = std::use_facet<std::ctype<wchar_t>>(m_locale);
                for (interval.end = start;;) {
                    if (!*str) {
                        interval.start = start;
                        return true;
                    }
                    if (interval.end >= end || !text[interval.end]) {
                        interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                        return false;
                    }
                    wchar_t buf[3];
                    const wchar_t* chr = next_sgml_cp(text, interval.end, end, interval.end, buf);
                    for (; *chr; ++str, ++chr) {
                        if (!*str ||
                            (case_insensitive ? ctype.tolower(*str) != ctype.tolower(*chr) : *str != *chr))
                        {
                            interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                            return false;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
 
        protected:
            std::wstring m_str;
        };
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_iterations : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_iterations(const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& el, size_t min_iterations = 0, size_t max_iterations = (size_t)-1, bool greedy = true) :
                m_el(el),
                m_min_iterations(min_iterations),
                m_max_iterations(max_iterations),
                m_greedy(greedy)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.start = interval.end = start;
                for (size_t i = 0; ; i++) {
                    if (!m_greedy && i >= m_min_iterations || i >= m_max_iterations)
                        return true;
                    if (!m_el->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        if (i >= m_min_iterations)
                            return true;
                        break;
                    }
                    if (m_el->interval.end == interval.end) {
                        // Element did match, but the matching interval was empty. Quit instead of spinning.
                        return true;
                    }
                    interval.end = m_el->interval.end;
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
        protected:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_el; 
            size_t m_min_iterations; 
            size_t m_max_iterations; 
            bool m_greedy; 
        };
 
        using iterations = basic_iterations<char>;
        using witerations = basic_iterations<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using titerations = witerations;
#else
        using titerations = iterations;
#endif
        using sgml_iterations = basic_iterations<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class tester_collection : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        protected:
            tester_collection(_In_ const std::locale& locale) : basic_tester<T>(locale) {}
 
        public:
            tester_collection(
                _In_count_(count) const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>* el,
                _In_ size_t count,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale)
            {
                assert(el || !count);
                m_collection.reserve(count);
                for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++)
                    m_collection.push_back(el[i]);
            }
 
            tester_collection(
                _Inout_ std::vector<std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>>&& collection,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                m_collection(std::move(collection))
            {}
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                for (auto& el: m_collection)
                    el->invalidate();
                basic_tester<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        protected:
            std::vector<std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>> m_collection;
        };
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_sequence : public tester_collection<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_sequence(
                _In_count_(count) const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>* el = nullptr,
                _In_ size_t count = 0,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                tester_collection<T>(el, count, locale)
            {}
 
            basic_sequence(
                _Inout_ std::vector<std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>>&& collection,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                tester_collection<T>(std::move(collection), locale)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
                for (auto i = m_collection.begin(); i != m_collection.end(); ++i) {
                    if (!(*i)->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        for (++i; i != m_collection.end(); ++i)
                            (*i)->invalidate();
                        interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                        return false;
                    }
                    interval.end = (*i)->interval.end;
                }
                interval.start = start;
                return true;
            }
        };
 
        using sequence = basic_sequence<char>;
        using wsequence = basic_sequence<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tsequence = wsequence;
#else
        using tsequence = sequence;
#endif
        using sgml_sequence = basic_sequence<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_branch : public tester_collection<T>
        {
        protected:
            basic_branch(_In_ const std::locale& locale) :
                tester_collection<T>(locale),
                hit_offset((size_t)-1)
            {}
 
        public:
            basic_branch(
                _In_count_(count) const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>* el = nullptr,
                _In_ size_t count = 0,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                tester_collection<T>(el, count, locale),
                hit_offset((size_t)-1)
            {}
 
            basic_branch(
                _Inout_ std::vector<std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>>&& collection,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                tester_collection<T>(std::move(collection), locale),
                hit_offset((size_t)-1)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                hit_offset = 0;
                for (auto i = m_collection.begin(); i != m_collection.end(); ++i, ++hit_offset) {
                    if ((*i)->match(text, start, end, flags)) {
                        interval = (*i)->interval;
                        for (++i; i != m_collection.end(); ++i)
                            (*i)->invalidate();
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                hit_offset = (size_t)-1;
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                hit_offset = (size_t)-1;
                tester_collection<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            size_t hit_offset;
        };
 
        using branch = basic_branch<char>;
        using wbranch = basic_branch<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tbranch = wbranch;
#else
        using tbranch = branch;
#endif
        using sgml_branch = basic_branch<char>;
 
        template <class T, class T_tester = basic_string<T>>
        class basic_string_branch : public basic_branch<T>
        {
        public:
            inline basic_string_branch(
                _In_reads_(count) const T* str_z = nullptr,
                _In_ size_t count = 0,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_branch<T>(locale)
            {
                build(str_z, count);
            }
 
            inline basic_string_branch(_In_z_ const T* str, ...) :
                basic_branch<T>(std::locale())
            {
                va_list params;
                va_start(params, str);
                build(str, params);
                va_end(params);
            }
 
            inline basic_string_branch(_In_ const std::locale& locale, _In_z_ const T* str, ...) :
                basic_branch<T>(locale)
            {
                va_list params;
                va_start(params, str);
                build(str, params);
                va_end(params);
            }
 
        protected:
            void build(_In_reads_(count) const T* str_z, _In_ size_t count)
            {
                assert(str_z || !count);
                if (count) {
                    size_t offset, n;
                    for (
                        offset = n = 0;
                        offset < count && str_z[offset];
                        offset += stdex::strnlen(str_z + offset, count - offset) + 1, ++n);
                    m_collection.reserve(n);
                    for (
                        offset = 0;
                        offset < count && str_z[offset];
                        offset += stdex::strnlen(str_z + offset, count - offset) + 1)
                        m_collection.push_back(std::move(std::make_shared<T_tester>(str_z + offset, count - offset, m_locale)));
                }
            }
 
            void build(_In_z_ const T* str, _In_ va_list params)
            {
                const T* p;
                for (
                    m_collection.push_back(std::move(std::make_shared<T_tester>(str, (size_t)-1, m_locale)));
                    (p = va_arg(params, const T*)) != nullptr;
                    m_collection.push_back(std::move(std::make_shared<T_tester>(p, (size_t)-1, m_locale))));
            }
        };
 
        using string_branch = basic_string_branch<char>;
        using wstring_branch = basic_string_branch<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tstring_branch = wstring_branch;
#else
        using tstring_branch = string_branch;
#endif
        using sgml_string_branch = basic_string_branch<char, sgml_string>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_permutation : public tester_collection<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_permutation(
                _In_count_(count) const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>* el = nullptr,
                _In_ size_t count = 0,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                tester_collection<T>(el, count, locale)
            {}
 
            basic_permutation(
                _Inout_ std::vector<std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>>&& collection,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                tester_collection<T>(std::move(collection), locale)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                for (auto& el: m_collection)
                    el->invalidate();
                if (match_recursively(text, start, end, flags)) {
                    interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
        protected:
            bool match_recursively(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                bool all_matched = true;
                for (auto& el: m_collection) {
                    if (!el->interval) {
                        // Element was not matched in permutatuion yet.
                        all_matched = false;
                        if (el->match(text, start, end, flags)) {
                            // Element matched for the first time.
                            if (match_recursively(text, el->interval.end, end, flags)) {
                                // Rest of the elements matched too.
                                return true;
                            }
                            el->invalidate();
                        }
                    }
                }
                if (all_matched) {
                    interval.end = start;
                    return true;
                }
                return false;
            }
        };
 
        using permutation = basic_permutation<char>;
        using wpermutation = basic_permutation<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tpermutation = wpermutation;
#else
        using tpermutation = permutation;
#endif
        using sgml_permutation = basic_permutation<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_integer : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_integer(_In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                value(0)
            {}
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                value = 0;
                basic_tester<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            size_t value; 
        };
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_integer10 : public basic_integer<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_integer10(
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_0,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_1,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_2,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_3,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_4,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_5,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_6,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_7,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_8,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_9,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_integer<T>(locale),
                m_digit_0(digit_0),
                m_digit_1(digit_1),
                m_digit_2(digit_2),
                m_digit_3(digit_3),
                m_digit_4(digit_4),
                m_digit_5(digit_5),
                m_digit_6(digit_6),
                m_digit_7(digit_7),
                m_digit_8(digit_8),
                m_digit_9(digit_9)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                for (interval.end = start, value = 0; interval.end < end && text[interval.end];) {
                    size_t dig;
                    if (m_digit_0->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 0; interval.end = m_digit_0->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_1->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 1; interval.end = m_digit_1->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_2->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 2; interval.end = m_digit_2->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_3->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 3; interval.end = m_digit_3->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_4->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 4; interval.end = m_digit_4->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_5->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 5; interval.end = m_digit_5->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_6->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 6; interval.end = m_digit_6->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_7->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 7; interval.end = m_digit_7->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_8->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 8; interval.end = m_digit_8->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_9->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 9; interval.end = m_digit_9->interval.end; }
                    else break;
                    value = value * 10 + dig;
                }
                if (start < interval.end) {
                    interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
        protected:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>
                m_digit_0,
                m_digit_1,
                m_digit_2,
                m_digit_3,
                m_digit_4,
                m_digit_5,
                m_digit_6,
                m_digit_7,
                m_digit_8,
                m_digit_9;
        };
 
        using integer10 = basic_integer10<char>;
        using winteger10 = basic_integer10<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tinteger10 = winteger10;
#else
        using tinteger10 = integer10;
#endif
        using sgml_integer10 = basic_integer10<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_integer10ts : public basic_integer<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_integer10ts(
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_integer10<T>>& digits,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_set<T>>& separator,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_integer<T>(locale),
                digit_count(0),
                has_separators(false),
                m_digits(digits),
                m_separator(separator)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (m_digits->match(text, start, end, flags)) {
                    // Leading part match.
                    value = m_digits->value;
                    digit_count = m_digits->interval.size();
                    has_separators = false;
                    interval.start = start;
                    interval.end = m_digits->interval.end;
                    if (m_digits->interval.size() <= 3) {
                        // Maybe separated with thousand separators?
                        size_t hit_offset = (size_t)-1;
                        while (m_separator->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                            (hit_offset == (size_t)-1 || hit_offset == m_separator->hit_offset) && // All separators must be the same, no mixing.
                            m_digits->match(text, m_separator->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                            m_digits->interval.size() == 3)
                        {
                            // Thousand separator and three-digit integer followed.
                            value = value * 1000 + m_digits->value;
                            digit_count += 3;
                            has_separators = true;
                            interval.end = m_digits->interval.end;
                            hit_offset = m_separator->hit_offset;
                        }
                    }
 
                    return true;
                }
                value = 0;
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                digit_count = 0;
                has_separators = false;
                basic_integer<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            size_t digit_count; 
            bool has_separators; 
 
        protected:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_integer10<T>> m_digits;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_set<T>> m_separator;
        };
 
        using integer10ts = basic_integer10ts<char>;
        using winteger10ts = basic_integer10ts<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tinteger10ts = winteger10ts;
#else
        using tinteger10ts = integer10ts;
#endif
        using sgml_integer10ts = basic_integer10ts<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_integer16 : public basic_integer<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_integer16(
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_0,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_1,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_2,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_3,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_4,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_5,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_6,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_7,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_8,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_9,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_10,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_11,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_12,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_13,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_14,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_15,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_integer<T>(locale),
                m_digit_0(digit_0),
                m_digit_1(digit_1),
                m_digit_2(digit_2),
                m_digit_3(digit_3),
                m_digit_4(digit_4),
                m_digit_5(digit_5),
                m_digit_6(digit_6),
                m_digit_7(digit_7),
                m_digit_8(digit_8),
                m_digit_9(digit_9),
                m_digit_10(digit_10),
                m_digit_11(digit_11),
                m_digit_12(digit_12),
                m_digit_13(digit_13),
                m_digit_14(digit_14),
                m_digit_15(digit_15)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                for (interval.end = start, value = 0; interval.end < end && text[interval.end];) {
                    size_t dig;
                    if (m_digit_0->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 0; interval.end = m_digit_0->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_1->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 1; interval.end = m_digit_1->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_2->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 2; interval.end = m_digit_2->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_3->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 3; interval.end = m_digit_3->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_4->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 4; interval.end = m_digit_4->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_5->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 5; interval.end = m_digit_5->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_6->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 6; interval.end = m_digit_6->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_7->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 7; interval.end = m_digit_7->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_8->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 8; interval.end = m_digit_8->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_9->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 9; interval.end = m_digit_9->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_10->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 10; interval.end = m_digit_10->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_11->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 11; interval.end = m_digit_11->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_12->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 12; interval.end = m_digit_12->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_13->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 13; interval.end = m_digit_13->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_14->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 14; interval.end = m_digit_14->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_15->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 15; interval.end = m_digit_15->interval.end; }
                    else break;
                    value = value * 16 + dig;
                }
                if (start < interval.end) {
                    interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
        protected:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>
                m_digit_0,
                m_digit_1,
                m_digit_2,
                m_digit_3,
                m_digit_4,
                m_digit_5,
                m_digit_6,
                m_digit_7,
                m_digit_8,
                m_digit_9,
                m_digit_10,
                m_digit_11,
                m_digit_12,
                m_digit_13,
                m_digit_14,
                m_digit_15;
        };
 
        using integer16 = basic_integer16<char>;
        using winteger16 = basic_integer16<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tinteger16 = winteger16;
#else
        using tinteger16 = integer16;
#endif
        using sgml_integer16 = basic_integer16<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_roman_numeral : public basic_integer<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_roman_numeral(
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_1,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_5,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_10,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_50,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_100,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_500,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_1000,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_5000,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_10000,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_integer<T>(locale),
                m_digit_1(digit_1),
                m_digit_5(digit_5),
                m_digit_10(digit_10),
                m_digit_50(digit_50),
                m_digit_100(digit_100),
                m_digit_500(digit_500),
                m_digit_1000(digit_1000),
                m_digit_5000(digit_5000),
                m_digit_10000(digit_10000)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                size_t
                    dig[5] = { (size_t)-1, (size_t)-1, (size_t)-1, (size_t)-1, (size_t)-1 },
                    end2;
 
                for (interval.end = start, value = 0; interval.end < end && text[interval.end]; dig[3] = dig[2], dig[2] = dig[1], dig[1] = dig[0], interval.end = end2) {
                    if (m_digit_1 && m_digit_1->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig[0] = 1; end2 = m_digit_1->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_5 && m_digit_5->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig[0] = 5; end2 = m_digit_5->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_10 && m_digit_10->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig[0] = 10; end2 = m_digit_10->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_50 && m_digit_50->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig[0] = 50; end2 = m_digit_50->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_100 && m_digit_100->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig[0] = 100; end2 = m_digit_100->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_500 && m_digit_500->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig[0] = 500; end2 = m_digit_500->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_1000 && m_digit_1000->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig[0] = 1000; end2 = m_digit_1000->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_5000 && m_digit_5000->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig[0] = 5000; end2 = m_digit_5000->interval.end; }
                    else if (m_digit_10000 && m_digit_10000->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig[0] = 10000; end2 = m_digit_10000->interval.end; }
                    else break;
 
                    // Store first digit.
                    if (dig[4] == (size_t)-1) dig[4] = dig[0];
 
                    if (dig[3] == dig[2] && dig[2] == dig[1] && dig[1] == dig[0] && dig[0] != dig[4]) {
                        // Same digit repeated four times. No-go, unless first digit. E.g. XIIII vs. XIV. MMMMMCD allowed, IIII also...
                        break;
                    }
                    if (dig[0] <= dig[1]) {
                        // Digit is less or equal previous one: add.
                        value += dig[0];
                    }
                    else if (
                        dig[1] == 1 && (dig[0] == 5 || dig[0] == 10) ||
                        dig[1] == 10 && (dig[0] == 50 || dig[0] == 100) ||
                        dig[1] == 100 && (dig[0] == 500 || dig[0] == 1000) ||
                        dig[1] == 1000 && (dig[0] == 5000 || dig[0] == 10000))
                    {
                        // Digit is up to two orders bigger than previous one: subtract. But...
                        if (dig[2] < dig[0]) {
                            // Digit is also bigger than pre-previous one. E.g. VIX (V < X => invalid)
                            break;
                        }
                        value -= dig[1]; // Cancel addition in the previous step.
                        dig[0] -= dig[1]; // Combine last two digits.
                        dig[1] = dig[2]; // The true previous digit is now pre-previous one. :)
                        dig[2] = dig[3]; // The true pre-previous digit is now pre-pre-previous one. :)
                        value += dig[0]; // Add combined value.
                    }
                    else {
                        // New digit is too big than the previous one. E.g. VX (V < X => invalid)
                        break;
                    }
                }
                if (value) {
                    interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
        protected:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>
                m_digit_1,
                m_digit_5,
                m_digit_10,
                m_digit_50,
                m_digit_100,
                m_digit_500,
                m_digit_1000,
                m_digit_5000,
                m_digit_10000;
        };
 
        using roman_numeral = basic_roman_numeral<char>;
        using wroman_numeral = basic_roman_numeral<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using troman_numeral = wroman_numeral;
#else
        using troman_numeral = roman_numeral;
#endif
        using sgml_roman_numeral = basic_roman_numeral<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_fraction : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_fraction(
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _numerator,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _fraction_line,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _denominator,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                numerator(_numerator),
                fraction_line(_fraction_line),
                denominator(_denominator)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (numerator->match(text, start, end, flags) &&
                    fraction_line->match(text, numerator->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    denominator->match(text, fraction_line->interval.end, end, flags))
                {
                    interval.start = start;
                    interval.end = denominator->interval.end;
                    return true;
                }
                numerator->invalidate();
                fraction_line->invalidate();
                denominator->invalidate();
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                numerator->invalidate();
                fraction_line->invalidate();
                denominator->invalidate();
                basic_tester<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> numerator;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> fraction_line;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> denominator;
        };
 
        using fraction = basic_fraction<char>;
        using wfraction = basic_fraction<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tfraction = wfraction;
#else
        using tfraction = fraction;
#endif
        using sgml_fraction = basic_fraction<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_score : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_score(
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _home,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _separator,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _guest,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& space,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                home(_home),
                separator(_separator),
                guest(_guest),
                m_space(space)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
 
                if (home->match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = home->interval.end;
                else
                    goto end;
 
                const int space_match_flags = flags & ~match_multiline; // Spaces in score must never be broken in new line.
                for (; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
 
                if (separator->match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = separator->interval.end;
                else
                    goto end;
 
                for (; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
 
                if (guest->match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = guest->interval.end;
                else
                    goto end;
 
                interval.start = start;
                return true;
 
            end:
                home->invalidate();
                separator->invalidate();
                guest->invalidate();
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                home->invalidate();
                separator->invalidate();
                guest->invalidate();
                basic_tester<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> home;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> separator;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> guest;
 
        protected:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_space;
        };
 
        using score = basic_score<char>;
        using wscore = basic_score<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tscore = wscore;
#else
        using tscore = score;
#endif
        using sgml_score = basic_score<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_signed_numeral : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_signed_numeral(
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _positive_sign,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _negative_sign,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _special_sign,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _number,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                positive_sign(_positive_sign),
                negative_sign(_negative_sign),
                special_sign(_special_sign),
                number(_number)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
                if (positive_sign && positive_sign->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    interval.end = positive_sign->interval.end;
                    if (negative_sign) negative_sign->invalidate();
                    if (special_sign) special_sign->invalidate();
                }
                else if (negative_sign && negative_sign->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    interval.end = negative_sign->interval.end;
                    if (positive_sign) positive_sign->invalidate();
                    if (special_sign) special_sign->invalidate();
                }
                else if (special_sign && special_sign->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    interval.end = special_sign->interval.end;
                    if (positive_sign) positive_sign->invalidate();
                    if (negative_sign) negative_sign->invalidate();
                }
                else {
                    if (positive_sign) positive_sign->invalidate();
                    if (negative_sign) negative_sign->invalidate();
                    if (special_sign) special_sign->invalidate();
                }
                if (number->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    interval.start = start;
                    interval.end = number->interval.end;
                    return true;
                }
                if (positive_sign) positive_sign->invalidate();
                if (negative_sign) negative_sign->invalidate();
                if (special_sign) special_sign->invalidate();
                number->invalidate();
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                if (positive_sign) positive_sign->invalidate();
                if (negative_sign) negative_sign->invalidate();
                if (special_sign) special_sign->invalidate();
                number->invalidate();
                basic_tester<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> positive_sign; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> negative_sign; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> special_sign; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> number; 
        };
 
        using signed_numeral = basic_signed_numeral<char>;
        using wsigned_numeral = basic_signed_numeral<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tsigned_numeral = wsigned_numeral;
#else
        using tsigned_numeral = signed_numeral;
#endif
        using sgml_signed_numeral = basic_signed_numeral<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_mixed_numeral : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_mixed_numeral(
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _positive_sign,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _negative_sign,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _special_sign,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _integer,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& space,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _fraction,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                positive_sign(_positive_sign),
                negative_sign(_negative_sign),
                special_sign(_special_sign),
                integer(_integer),
                fraction(_fraction),
                m_space(space)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
 
                if (positive_sign && positive_sign->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    interval.end = positive_sign->interval.end;
                    if (negative_sign) negative_sign->invalidate();
                    if (special_sign) special_sign->invalidate();
                }
                else if (negative_sign && negative_sign->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    interval.end = negative_sign->interval.end;
                    if (positive_sign) positive_sign->invalidate();
                    if (special_sign) special_sign->invalidate();
                }
                else if (special_sign && special_sign->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    interval.end = special_sign->interval.end;
                    if (positive_sign) positive_sign->invalidate();
                    if (negative_sign) negative_sign->invalidate();
                }
                else {
                    if (positive_sign) positive_sign->invalidate();
                    if (negative_sign) negative_sign->invalidate();
                    if (special_sign) special_sign->invalidate();
                }
 
                // Check for <integer> <fraction>
                const int space_match_flags = flags & ~match_multiline; // Spaces in fractions must never be broken in new line.
                if (integer->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    m_space->match(text, integer->interval.end, end, space_match_flags))
                {
                    for (interval.end = m_space->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                    if (fraction->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        interval.start = start;
                        interval.end = fraction->interval.end;
                        return true;
                    }
                    fraction->invalidate();
                    interval.start = start;
                    interval.end = integer->interval.end;
                    return true;
                }
 
                // Check for <fraction>
                if (fraction->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    integer->invalidate();
                    interval.start = start;
                    interval.end = fraction->interval.end;
                    return true;
                }
 
                // Check for <integer>
                if (integer->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    fraction->invalidate();
                    interval.start = start;
                    interval.end = integer->interval.end;
                    return true;
                }
 
                if (positive_sign) positive_sign->invalidate();
                if (negative_sign) negative_sign->invalidate();
                if (special_sign) special_sign->invalidate();
                integer->invalidate();
                fraction->invalidate();
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                if (positive_sign) positive_sign->invalidate();
                if (negative_sign) negative_sign->invalidate();
                if (special_sign) special_sign->invalidate();
                integer->invalidate();
                fraction->invalidate();
                basic_tester<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> positive_sign; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> negative_sign; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> special_sign; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> integer; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> fraction; 
 
        protected:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_space;
        };
 
        using mixed_numeral = basic_mixed_numeral<char>;
        using wmixed_numeral = basic_mixed_numeral<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tmixed_numeral = wmixed_numeral;
#else
        using tmixed_numeral = mixed_numeral;
#endif
        using sgml_mixed_numeral = basic_mixed_numeral<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_scientific_numeral : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_scientific_numeral(
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _positive_sign,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _negative_sign,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _special_sign,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_integer<T>>& _integer,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _decimal_separator,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_integer<T>>& _decimal,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _exponent_symbol,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _positive_exp_sign,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _negative_exp_sign,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_integer<T>>& _exponent,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                positive_sign(_positive_sign),
                negative_sign(_negative_sign),
                special_sign(_special_sign),
                integer(_integer),
                decimal_separator(_decimal_separator),
                decimal(_decimal),
                exponent_symbol(_exponent_symbol),
                positive_exp_sign(_positive_exp_sign),
                negative_exp_sign(_negative_exp_sign),
                exponent(_exponent),
                value(std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN())
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
 
                if (positive_sign && positive_sign->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    interval.end = positive_sign->interval.end;
                    if (negative_sign) negative_sign->invalidate();
                    if (special_sign) special_sign->invalidate();
                }
                else if (negative_sign && negative_sign->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    interval.end = negative_sign->interval.end;
                    if (positive_sign) positive_sign->invalidate();
                    if (special_sign) special_sign->invalidate();
                }
                else if (special_sign && special_sign->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    interval.end = special_sign->interval.end;
                    if (positive_sign) positive_sign->invalidate();
                    if (negative_sign) negative_sign->invalidate();
                }
                else {
                    if (positive_sign) positive_sign->invalidate();
                    if (negative_sign) negative_sign->invalidate();
                    if (special_sign) special_sign->invalidate();
                }
 
                if (integer->match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = integer->interval.end;
 
                if (decimal_separator->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    decimal->match(text, decimal_separator->interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = decimal->interval.end;
                else {
                    decimal_separator->invalidate();
                    decimal->invalidate();
                }
 
                if (!integer->interval.empty() &&
                    decimal->interval.empty())
                {
                    // No integer part, no decimal part.
                    if (positive_sign) positive_sign->invalidate();
                    if (negative_sign) negative_sign->invalidate();
                    if (special_sign) special_sign->invalidate();
                    integer->invalidate();
                    decimal_separator->invalidate();
                    decimal->invalidate();
                    if (exponent_symbol) exponent_symbol->invalidate();
                    if (positive_exp_sign) positive_exp_sign->invalidate();
                    if (negative_exp_sign) negative_exp_sign->invalidate();
                    if (exponent) exponent->invalidate();
                    interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                    return false;
                }
 
                if (exponent_symbol && exponent_symbol->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    (positive_exp_sign && positive_exp_sign->match(text, exponent_symbol->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                        exponent && exponent->match(text, positive_exp_sign->interval.end, end, flags) ||
                        exponent && exponent->match(text, exponent_symbol->interval.end, end, flags)))
                {
                    interval.end = exponent->interval.end;
                    if (negative_exp_sign) negative_exp_sign->invalidate();
                }
                else if (exponent_symbol && exponent_symbol->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    negative_exp_sign && negative_exp_sign->match(text, exponent_symbol->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    exponent && exponent->match(text, negative_exp_sign->interval.end, end, flags))
                {
                    interval.end = exponent->interval.end;
                    if (positive_exp_sign) positive_exp_sign->invalidate();
                }
                else {
                    if (exponent_symbol) exponent_symbol->invalidate();
                    if (positive_exp_sign) positive_exp_sign->invalidate();
                    if (negative_exp_sign) negative_exp_sign->invalidate();
                    if (exponent) exponent->invalidate();
                }
 
                value = (double)integer->value;
                if (decimal->interval)
                    value += (double)decimal->value * pow(10.0, -(double)decimal->interval.size());
                if (negative_sign && negative_sign->interval)
                    value = -value;
                if (exponent && exponent->interval) {
                    double e = (double)exponent->value;
                    if (negative_exp_sign && negative_exp_sign->interval)
                        e = -e;
                    value *= pow(10.0, e);
                }
 
                interval.start = start;
                return true;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                if (positive_sign) positive_sign->invalidate();
                if (negative_sign) negative_sign->invalidate();
                if (special_sign) special_sign->invalidate();
                integer->invalidate();
                decimal_separator->invalidate();
                decimal->invalidate();
                if (exponent_symbol) exponent_symbol->invalidate();
                if (positive_exp_sign) positive_exp_sign->invalidate();
                if (negative_exp_sign) negative_exp_sign->invalidate();
                if (exponent) exponent->invalidate();
                value = std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
                basic_tester<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> positive_sign; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> negative_sign; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> special_sign; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_integer<T>> integer; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> decimal_separator; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_integer<T>> decimal; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> exponent_symbol; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> positive_exp_sign; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> negative_exp_sign; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_integer<T>> exponent; 
            double value; 
        };
 
        using scientific_numeral = basic_scientific_numeral<char>;
        using wscientific_numeral = basic_scientific_numeral<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tscientific_numeral = wscientific_numeral;
#else
        using tscientific_numeral = scientific_numeral;
#endif
        using sgml_scientific_numeral = basic_scientific_numeral<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_monetary_numeral : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_monetary_numeral(
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _positive_sign,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _negative_sign,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _special_sign,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _currency,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _integer,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _decimal_separator,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _decimal,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                positive_sign(_positive_sign),
                negative_sign(_negative_sign),
                special_sign(_special_sign),
                currency(_currency),
                integer(_integer),
                decimal_separator(_decimal_separator),
                decimal(_decimal)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
 
                if (positive_sign->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    interval.end = positive_sign->interval.end;
                    if (negative_sign) negative_sign->invalidate();
                    if (special_sign) special_sign->invalidate();
                }
                else if (negative_sign->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    interval.end = negative_sign->interval.end;
                    if (positive_sign) positive_sign->invalidate();
                    if (special_sign) special_sign->invalidate();
                }
                else if (special_sign->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    interval.end = special_sign->interval.end;
                    if (positive_sign) positive_sign->invalidate();
                    if (negative_sign) negative_sign->invalidate();
                }
                else {
                    if (positive_sign) positive_sign->invalidate();
                    if (negative_sign) negative_sign->invalidate();
                    if (special_sign) special_sign->invalidate();
                }
 
                if (currency->match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = currency->interval.end;
                else {
                    if (positive_sign) positive_sign->invalidate();
                    if (negative_sign) negative_sign->invalidate();
                    if (special_sign) special_sign->invalidate();
                    integer->invalidate();
                    decimal_separator->invalidate();
                    decimal->invalidate();
                    interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                    return false;
                }
 
                if (integer->match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = integer->interval.end;
                if (decimal_separator->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    decimal->match(text, decimal_separator->interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = decimal->interval.end;
                else {
                    decimal_separator->invalidate();
                    decimal->invalidate();
                }
 
                if (integer->interval.empty() &&
                    decimal->interval.empty())
                {
                    // No integer part, no decimal part.
                    if (positive_sign) positive_sign->invalidate();
                    if (negative_sign) negative_sign->invalidate();
                    if (special_sign) special_sign->invalidate();
                    currency->invalidate();
                    integer->invalidate();
                    decimal_separator->invalidate();
                    decimal->invalidate();
                    interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                    return false;
                }
 
                interval.start = start;
                return true;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                if (positive_sign) positive_sign->invalidate();
                if (negative_sign) negative_sign->invalidate();
                if (special_sign) special_sign->invalidate();
                currency->invalidate();
                integer->invalidate();
                decimal_separator->invalidate();
                decimal->invalidate();
                basic_tester<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> positive_sign; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> negative_sign; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> special_sign; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> currency; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> integer; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> decimal_separator; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> decimal; 
        };
 
        using monetary_numeral = basic_monetary_numeral<char>;
        using wmonetary_numeral = basic_monetary_numeral<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tmonetary_numeral = wmonetary_numeral;
#else
        using tmonetary_numeral = monetary_numeral;
#endif
        using sgml_monetary_numeral = basic_monetary_numeral<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_ipv4_address : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_ipv4_address(
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_0,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_1,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_2,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_3,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_4,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_5,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_6,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_7,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_8,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_9,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& separator,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                m_digit_0(digit_0),
                m_digit_1(digit_1),
                m_digit_2(digit_2),
                m_digit_3(digit_3),
                m_digit_4(digit_4),
                m_digit_5(digit_5),
                m_digit_6(digit_6),
                m_digit_7(digit_7),
                m_digit_8(digit_8),
                m_digit_9(digit_9),
                m_separator(separator)
            {
                value.s_addr = 0;
            }
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
                value.s_addr = 0;
 
                size_t i;
                for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
                    if (i) {
                        if (m_separator->match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                            interval.end = m_separator->interval.end;
                        else
                            goto error;
                    }
 
                    components[i].start = interval.end;
                    bool is_empty = true;
                    size_t x;
                    for (x = 0; interval.end < end && text[interval.end];) {
                        size_t dig, digit_end;
                        if (m_digit_0->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 0; digit_end = m_digit_0->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_1->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 1; digit_end = m_digit_1->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_2->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 2; digit_end = m_digit_2->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_3->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 3; digit_end = m_digit_3->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_4->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 4; digit_end = m_digit_4->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_5->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 5; digit_end = m_digit_5->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_6->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 6; digit_end = m_digit_6->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_7->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 7; digit_end = m_digit_7->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_8->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 8; digit_end = m_digit_8->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_9->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 9; digit_end = m_digit_9->interval.end; }
                        else break;
                        size_t x_n = x * 10 + dig;
                        if (x_n <= 255) {
                            x = x_n;
                            interval.end = digit_end;
                            is_empty = false;
                        }
                        else
                            break;
                    }
                    if (is_empty)
                        goto error;
                    components[i].end = interval.end;
                    value.s_addr = (value.s_addr << 8) | (uint8_t)x;
                }
                if (i < 4)
                    goto error;
 
                interval.start = start;
                return true;
 
            error:
                components[0].start = 1;
                components[0].end = 0;
                components[1].start = 1;
                components[1].end = 0;
                components[2].start = 1;
                components[2].end = 0;
                components[3].start = 1;
                components[3].end = 0;
                value = 0;
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                components[0].start = 1;
                components[0].end = 0;
                components[1].start = 1;
                components[1].end = 0;
                components[2].start = 1;
                components[2].end = 0;
                components[3].start = 1;
                components[3].end = 0;
                value = 0;
                basic_tester<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            stdex::interval<size_t> components[4]; 
            struct in_addr value; 
 
        protected:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>
                m_digit_0,
                m_digit_1,
                m_digit_2,
                m_digit_3,
                m_digit_4,
                m_digit_5,
                m_digit_6,
                m_digit_7,
                m_digit_8,
                m_digit_9;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_separator;
        };
 
        using ipv4_address = basic_ipv4_address<char>;
        using wipv4_address = basic_ipv4_address<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tipv4_address = wipv4_address;
#else
        using tipv4_address = ipv4_address;
#endif
        using sgml_ipv4_address = basic_ipv4_address<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_ipv6_scope_id_char : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_ipv6_scope_id_char(_In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) : basic_tester<T>(locale)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    if (text[start] == '-' ||
                        text[start] == '_' ||
                        text[start] == ':' ||
                        std::use_facet<std::ctype<T>>(m_locale).is(std::ctype_base::alnum, text[start]))
                    {
                        interval.end = (interval.start = start) + 1;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
        };
 
        using ipv6_scope_id_char = basic_ipv6_scope_id_char<char>;
        using wipv6_scope_id_char = basic_ipv6_scope_id_char<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tipv6_scope_id_char = wipv6_scope_id_char;
#else
        using tipv6_scope_id_char = ipv6_scope_id_char;
#endif
 
        class sgml_ipv6_scope_id_char : public sgml_tester
        {
        public:
            sgml_ipv6_scope_id_char(_In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) : sgml_tester(locale)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    wchar_t buf[3];
                    const wchar_t* chr = next_sgml_cp(text, start, end, interval.end, buf);
                    const wchar_t* chr_end = chr + stdex::strlen(chr);
                    if ((chr[0] == L'-' ||
                        chr[0] == L'_' ||
                        chr[0] == L':') && chr[1] == 0 ||
                        std::use_facet<std::ctype<wchar_t>>(m_locale).scan_not(std::ctype_base::alnum, chr, chr_end) == chr_end)
                    {
                        interval.start = start;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
        };
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_ipv6_address : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_ipv6_address(
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_0,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_1,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_2,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_3,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_4,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_5,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_6,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_7,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_8,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_9,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_10,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_11,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_12,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_13,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_14,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit_15,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& separator,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& scope_id_separator = nullptr,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _scope_id = nullptr,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                m_digit_0(digit_0),
                m_digit_1(digit_1),
                m_digit_2(digit_2),
                m_digit_3(digit_3),
                m_digit_4(digit_4),
                m_digit_5(digit_5),
                m_digit_6(digit_6),
                m_digit_7(digit_7),
                m_digit_8(digit_8),
                m_digit_9(digit_9),
                m_digit_10(digit_10),
                m_digit_11(digit_11),
                m_digit_12(digit_12),
                m_digit_13(digit_13),
                m_digit_14(digit_14),
                m_digit_15(digit_15),
                m_separator(separator),
                m_scope_id_separator(scope_id_separator),
                scope_id(_scope_id)
            {
                memset(value, 0, sizeof(value));
            }
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
                memset(value, 0, sizeof(value));
 
                size_t i, compaction_i = (size_t)-1, compaction_start = start;
                for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
                    bool is_empty = true;
 
                    if (m_separator->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        if (m_separator->match(text, m_separator->interval.end, end, flags)) {
                            // :: found
                            if (compaction_i == (size_t)-1) {
                                // Zero compaction start
                                compaction_i = i;
                                compaction_start = m_separator->interval.start;
                                interval.end = m_separator->interval.end;
                            }
                            else {
                                // More than one zero compaction
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                        else if (i) {
                            // Inner : found
                            interval.end = m_separator->interval.end;
                        }
                        else {
                            // Leading : found
                            goto error;
                        }
                    }
                    else if (i) {
                        // : missing
                        break;
                    }
 
                    components[i].start = interval.end;
                    size_t x;
                    for (x = 0; interval.end < end && text[interval.end];) {
                        size_t dig, digit_end;
                        if (m_digit_0->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 0; digit_end = m_digit_0->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_1->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 1; digit_end = m_digit_1->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_2->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 2; digit_end = m_digit_2->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_3->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 3; digit_end = m_digit_3->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_4->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 4; digit_end = m_digit_4->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_5->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 5; digit_end = m_digit_5->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_6->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 6; digit_end = m_digit_6->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_7->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 7; digit_end = m_digit_7->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_8->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 8; digit_end = m_digit_8->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_9->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 9; digit_end = m_digit_9->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_10->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 10; digit_end = m_digit_10->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_11->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 11; digit_end = m_digit_11->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_12->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 12; digit_end = m_digit_12->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_13->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 13; digit_end = m_digit_13->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_14->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 14; digit_end = m_digit_14->interval.end; }
                        else if (m_digit_15->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) { dig = 15; digit_end = m_digit_15->interval.end; }
                        else break;
                        size_t x_n = x * 16 + dig;
                        if (x_n <= 0xffff) {
                            x = x_n;
                            interval.end = digit_end;
                            is_empty = false;
                        }
                        else
                            break;
                    }
                    if (is_empty) {
                        if (compaction_i != (size_t)-1) {
                            // Zero compaction active: no sweat.
                            break;
                        }
                        goto error;
                    }
                    components[i].end = interval.end;
                    value.s6_words[i] = (uint16_t)x;
                }
 
                if (compaction_i != (size_t)-1) {
                    // Align components right due to zero compaction.
                    size_t j, k;
                    for (j = 8, k = i; k > compaction_i;) {
                        value.s6_words[--j] = value.s6_words[--k];
                        components[j] = components[k];
                    }
                    for (; j > compaction_i;) {
                        value.s6_words[--j] = 0;
                        components[j].start =
                            components[j].end = compaction_start;
                    }
                }
                else if (i < 8)
                    goto error;
 
                if (m_scope_id_separator && m_scope_id_separator->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    scope_id && scope_id->match(text, m_scope_id_separator->interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = scope_id->interval.end;
                else if (scope_id)
                    scope_id->invalidate();
 
                interval.start = start;
                return true;
 
            error:
                components[0].start = 1;
                components[0].end = 0;
                components[1].start = 1;
                components[1].end = 0;
                components[2].start = 1;
                components[2].end = 0;
                components[3].start = 1;
                components[3].end = 0;
                components[4].start = 1;
                components[4].end = 0;
                components[5].start = 1;
                components[5].end = 0;
                components[6].start = 1;
                components[6].end = 0;
                components[7].start = 1;
                components[7].end = 0;
                memset(value, 0, sizeof(value));
                if (scope_id) scope_id->invalidate();
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                components[0].start = 1;
                components[0].end = 0;
                components[1].start = 1;
                components[1].end = 0;
                components[2].start = 1;
                components[2].end = 0;
                components[3].start = 1;
                components[3].end = 0;
                components[4].start = 1;
                components[4].end = 0;
                components[5].start = 1;
                components[5].end = 0;
                components[6].start = 1;
                components[6].end = 0;
                components[7].start = 1;
                components[7].end = 0;
                memset(value, 0, sizeof(value));
                if (scope_id) scope_id->invalidate();
                basic_tester<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            stdex::interval<size_t> components[8]; 
            struct in6_addr value; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> scope_id; 
 
        protected:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>
                m_digit_0,
                m_digit_1,
                m_digit_2,
                m_digit_3,
                m_digit_4,
                m_digit_5,
                m_digit_6,
                m_digit_7,
                m_digit_8,
                m_digit_9,
                m_digit_10,
                m_digit_11,
                m_digit_12,
                m_digit_13,
                m_digit_14,
                m_digit_15;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_separator, m_scope_id_separator;
        };
 
        using ipv6_address = basic_ipv6_address<char>;
        using wipv6_address = basic_ipv6_address<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tipv6_address = wipv6_address;
#else
        using tipv6_address = ipv6_address;
#endif
        using sgml_ipv6_address = basic_ipv6_address<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_dns_domain_char : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_dns_domain_char(
                _In_ bool allow_idn,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                m_allow_idn(allow_idn),
                allow_on_edge(true)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    if (('A' <= text[start] && text[start] <= 'Z') ||
                        ('a' <= text[start] && text[start] <= 'z') ||
                        ('0' <= text[start] && text[start] <= '9'))
                        allow_on_edge = true;
                    else if (text[start] == '-')
                        allow_on_edge = false;
                    else if (m_allow_idn && std::use_facet<std::ctype<T>>(m_locale).is(std::ctype_base::alnum, text[start]))
                        allow_on_edge = true;
                    else {
                        interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                        return false;
                    }
                    interval.end = (interval.start = start) + 1;
                    return true;
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
        public:
            bool allow_on_edge; 
 
        protected:
            bool m_allow_idn;
        };
 
        using dns_domain_char = basic_dns_domain_char<char>;
        using wdns_domain_char = basic_dns_domain_char<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tdns_domain_char = wdns_domain_char;
#else
        using tdns_domain_char = dns_domain_char;
#endif
 
        class sgml_dns_domain_char : public basic_dns_domain_char<char>
        {
        public:
            sgml_dns_domain_char(
                _In_ bool allow_idn,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_dns_domain_char<char>(allow_idn, locale)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    wchar_t buf[3];
                    const wchar_t* chr = next_sgml_cp(text, start, end, interval.end, buf);
                    const wchar_t* chr_end = chr + stdex::strlen(chr);
                    if ((('A' <= chr[0] && chr[0] <= 'Z') ||
                        ('a' <= chr[0] && chr[0] <= 'z') ||
                        ('0' <= chr[0] && chr[0] <= '9')) && chr[1] == 0)
                        allow_on_edge = true;
                    else if (chr[0] == '-' && chr[1] == 0)
                        allow_on_edge = false;
                    else if (m_allow_idn && std::use_facet<std::ctype<wchar_t>>(m_locale).scan_not(std::ctype_base::alnum, chr, chr_end) == chr_end)
                        allow_on_edge = true;
                    else {
                        interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                        return false;
                    }
                    interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
        };
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_dns_name : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_dns_name(
                _In_ bool allow_absolute,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_dns_domain_char<T>>& domain_char,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& separator,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                m_allow_absolute(allow_absolute),
                m_domain_char(domain_char),
                m_separator(separator)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                size_t i = start, count;
                for (count = 0; i < end && text[i] && count < 127; count++) {
                    if (m_domain_char->match(text, i, end, flags) &&
                        m_domain_char->allow_on_edge)
                    {
                        // Domain start
                        interval.end = i = m_domain_char->interval.end;
                        while (i < end && text[i]) {
                            if (m_domain_char->allow_on_edge &&
                                m_separator->match(text, i, end, flags))
                            {
                                // Domain end
                                if (m_allow_absolute)
                                    interval.end = i = m_separator->interval.end;
                                else {
                                    interval.end = i;
                                    i = m_separator->interval.end;
                                }
                                break;
                            }
                            if (m_domain_char->match(text, i, end, flags)) {
                                if (m_domain_char->allow_on_edge)
                                    interval.end = i = m_domain_char->interval.end;
                                else
                                    i = m_domain_char->interval.end;
                            }
                            else {
                                interval.start = start;
                                return true;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    else
                        break;
                }
                if (count) {
                    interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
        protected:
            bool m_allow_absolute; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_dns_domain_char<T>> m_domain_char;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_separator;
        };
 
        using dns_name = basic_dns_name<char>;
        using wdns_name = basic_dns_name<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tdns_name = wdns_name;
#else
        using tdns_name = dns_name;
#endif
        using sgml_dns_name = basic_dns_name<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_url_username_char : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_url_username_char(_In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) : basic_tester<T>(locale) {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    if (text[start] == '-' ||
                        text[start] == '.' ||
                        text[start] == '_' ||
                        text[start] == '~' ||
                        text[start] == '%' ||
                        text[start] == '!' ||
                        text[start] == '$' ||
                        text[start] == '&' ||
                        text[start] == '\'' ||
                        //text[start] == '(' ||
                        //text[start] == ')' ||
                        text[start] == '*' ||
                        text[start] == '+' ||
                        text[start] == ',' ||
                        text[start] == ';' ||
                        text[start] == '=' ||
                        std::use_facet<std::ctype<T>>(m_locale).is(std::ctype_base::alnum, text[start]))
                    {
                        interval.end = (interval.start = start) + 1;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
        };
 
        using url_username_char = basic_url_username_char<char>;
        using wurl_username_char = basic_url_username_char<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using turl_username_char = wurl_username_char;
#else
        using turl_username_char = url_username_char;
#endif
 
        class sgml_url_username_char : public basic_url_username_char<char>
        {
        public:
            sgml_url_username_char(_In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) : basic_url_username_char<char>(locale) {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    wchar_t buf[3];
                    const wchar_t* chr = next_sgml_cp(text, start, end, interval.end, buf);
                    const wchar_t* chr_end = chr + stdex::strlen(chr);
                    if ((chr[0] == L'-' ||
                        chr[0] == L'.' ||
                        chr[0] == L'_' ||
                        chr[0] == L'~' ||
                        chr[0] == L'%' ||
                        chr[0] == L'!' ||
                        chr[0] == L'$' ||
                        chr[0] == L'&' ||
                        chr[0] == L'\'' ||
                        //chr[0] == L'('  ||
                        //chr[0] == L')'  ||
                        chr[0] == L'*' ||
                        chr[0] == L'+' ||
                        chr[0] == L',' ||
                        chr[0] == L';' ||
                        chr[0] == L'=') && chr[1] == 0 ||
                        std::use_facet<std::ctype<wchar_t>>(m_locale).scan_not(std::ctype_base::alnum, chr, chr_end) == chr_end)
                    {
                        interval.start = start;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
 
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
        };
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_url_password_char : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_url_password_char(_In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) : basic_tester<T>(locale) {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    if (text[start] == '-' ||
                        text[start] == '.' ||
                        text[start] == '_' ||
                        text[start] == '~' ||
                        text[start] == '%' ||
                        text[start] == '!' ||
                        text[start] == '$' ||
                        text[start] == '&' ||
                        text[start] == '\'' ||
                        text[start] == '(' ||
                        text[start] == ')' ||
                        text[start] == '*' ||
                        text[start] == '+' ||
                        text[start] == ',' ||
                        text[start] == ';' ||
                        text[start] == '=' ||
                        text[start] == ':' ||
                        std::use_facet<std::ctype<T>>(m_locale).is(std::ctype_base::alnum, text[start]))
                    {
                        interval.end = (interval.start = start) + 1;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
        };
 
        using url_password_char = basic_url_password_char<char>;
        using wurl_password_char = basic_url_password_char<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using turl_password_char = wurl_password_char;
#else
        using turl_password_char = url_password_char;
#endif
 
        class sgml_url_password_char : public basic_url_password_char<char>
        {
        public:
            sgml_url_password_char(_In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) : basic_url_password_char<char>(locale) {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    wchar_t buf[3];
                    const wchar_t* chr = next_sgml_cp(text, start, end, interval.end, buf);
                    const wchar_t* chr_end = chr + stdex::strlen(chr);
                    if ((chr[0] == L'-' ||
                        chr[0] == L'.' ||
                        chr[0] == L'_' ||
                        chr[0] == L'~' ||
                        chr[0] == L'%' ||
                        chr[0] == L'!' ||
                        chr[0] == L'$' ||
                        chr[0] == L'&' ||
                        chr[0] == L'\'' ||
                        chr[0] == L'(' ||
                        chr[0] == L')' ||
                        chr[0] == L'*' ||
                        chr[0] == L'+' ||
                        chr[0] == L',' ||
                        chr[0] == L';' ||
                        chr[0] == L'=' ||
                        chr[0] == L':') && chr[1] == 0 ||
                        std::use_facet<std::ctype<wchar_t>>(m_locale).scan_not(std::ctype_base::alnum, chr, chr_end) == chr_end)
                    {
                        interval.start = start;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
        };
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_url_path_char : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_url_path_char(_In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) : basic_tester<T>(locale) {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    if (text[start] == '/' ||
                        text[start] == '-' ||
                        text[start] == '.' ||
                        text[start] == '_' ||
                        text[start] == '~' ||
                        text[start] == '%' ||
                        text[start] == '!' ||
                        text[start] == '$' ||
                        text[start] == '&' ||
                        text[start] == '\'' ||
                        text[start] == '(' ||
                        text[start] == ')' ||
                        text[start] == '*' ||
                        text[start] == '+' ||
                        text[start] == ',' ||
                        text[start] == ';' ||
                        text[start] == '=' ||
                        text[start] == ':' ||
                        text[start] == '@' ||
                        text[start] == '?' ||
                        text[start] == '#' ||
                        std::use_facet<std::ctype<T>>(m_locale).is(std::ctype_base::alnum, text[start]))
                    {
                        interval.end = (interval.start = start) + 1;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
        };
 
        using url_path_char = basic_url_path_char<char>;
        using wurl_path_char = basic_url_path_char<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using turl_path_char = wurl_path_char;
#else
        using turl_path_char = url_path_char;
#endif
 
        class sgml_url_path_char : public basic_url_path_char<char>
        {
        public:
            sgml_url_path_char(_In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) : basic_url_path_char<char>(locale) {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start < end && text[start]) {
                    wchar_t buf[3];
                    const wchar_t* chr = next_sgml_cp(text, start, end, interval.end, buf);
                    const wchar_t* chr_end = chr + stdex::strlen(chr);
                    if ((chr[0] == L'/' ||
                        chr[0] == L'-' ||
                        chr[0] == L'.' ||
                        chr[0] == L'_' ||
                        chr[0] == L'~' ||
                        chr[0] == L'%' ||
                        chr[0] == L'!' ||
                        chr[0] == L'$' ||
                        chr[0] == L'&' ||
                        chr[0] == L'\'' ||
                        chr[0] == L'(' ||
                        chr[0] == L')' ||
                        chr[0] == L'*' ||
                        chr[0] == L'+' ||
                        chr[0] == L',' ||
                        chr[0] == L';' ||
                        chr[0] == L'=' ||
                        chr[0] == L':' ||
                        chr[0] == L'@' ||
                        chr[0] == L'?' ||
                        chr[0] == L'#') && chr[1] == 0 ||
                        std::use_facet<std::ctype<wchar_t>>(m_locale).scan_not(std::ctype_base::alnum, chr, chr_end) == chr_end)
                    {
                        interval.start = start;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
        };
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_url_path : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_url_path(
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& path_char,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& query_start,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& bookmark_start,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                m_path_char(path_char),
                m_query_start(query_start),
                m_bookmark_start(bookmark_start)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
 
                interval.end = start;
                path.start = start;
                query.start = 1;
                query.end = 0;
                bookmark.start = 1;
                bookmark.end = 0;
 
                for (;;) {
                    if (interval.end >= end || !text[interval.end])
                        break;
                    if (m_query_start->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        path.end = interval.end;
                        query.start = interval.end = m_query_start->interval.end;
                        for (;;) {
                            if (interval.end >= end || !text[interval.end]) {
                                query.end = interval.end;
                                break;
                            }
                            if (m_bookmark_start->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                                query.end = interval.end;
                                bookmark.start = interval.end = m_bookmark_start->interval.end;
                                for (;;) {
                                    if (interval.end >= end || !text[interval.end]) {
                                        bookmark.end = interval.end;
                                        break;
                                    }
                                    if (m_path_char->match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                                        interval.end = m_path_char->interval.end;
                                    else {
                                        bookmark.end = interval.end;
                                        break;
                                    }
                                }
                                interval.start = start;
                                return true;
                            }
                            if (m_path_char->match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                                interval.end = m_path_char->interval.end;
                            else {
                                query.end = interval.end;
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                        interval.start = start;
                        return true;
                    }
                    if (m_bookmark_start->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        path.end = interval.end;
                        bookmark.start = interval.end = m_bookmark_start->interval.end;
                        for (;;) {
                            if (interval.end >= end || !text[interval.end]) {
                                bookmark.end = interval.end;
                                break;
                            }
                            if (m_path_char->match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                                interval.end = m_path_char->interval.end;
                            else {
                                bookmark.end = interval.end;
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                        interval.start = start;
                        return true;
                    }
                    if (m_path_char->match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                        interval.end = m_path_char->interval.end;
                    else
                        break;
                }
 
                if (start < interval.end) {
                    path.end = interval.end;
                    interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
 
                path.start = 1;
                path.end = 0;
                bookmark.start = 1;
                bookmark.end = 0;
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                path.start = 1;
                path.end = 0;
                query.start = 1;
                query.end = 0;
                bookmark.start = 1;
                bookmark.end = 0;
                basic_tester<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            stdex::interval<size_t> path;
            stdex::interval<size_t> query;
            stdex::interval<size_t> bookmark;
 
        protected:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_path_char;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_query_start;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_bookmark_start;
        };
 
        using url_path = basic_url_path<char>;
        using wurl_path = basic_url_path<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using turl_path = wurl_path;
#else
        using turl_path = url_path;
#endif
        using sgml_url_path = basic_url_path<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_url : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_url(
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _http_scheme,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _ftp_scheme,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _mailto_scheme,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _file_scheme,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& colon,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& slash,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _username,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _password,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& at,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& ip_lbracket,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& ip_rbracket,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _ipv4_host,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _ipv6_host,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _dns_host,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _port,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _path,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                http_scheme(_http_scheme),
                ftp_scheme(_ftp_scheme),
                mailto_scheme(_mailto_scheme),
                file_scheme(_file_scheme),
                m_colon(colon),
                m_slash(slash),
                username(_username),
                password(_password),
                m_at(at),
                m_ip_lbracket(ip_lbracket),
                m_ip_rbracket(ip_rbracket),
                ipv4_host(_ipv4_host),
                ipv6_host(_ipv6_host),
                dns_host(_dns_host),
                port(_port),
                path(_path)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
 
                interval.end = start;
 
                if (http_scheme->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    m_colon->match(text, http_scheme->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    m_slash->match(text, m_colon->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    m_slash->match(text, m_slash->interval.end, end, flags))
                {
                    // http://
                    interval.end = m_slash->interval.end;
                    ftp_scheme->invalidate();
                    mailto_scheme->invalidate();
                    file_scheme->invalidate();
                }
                else if (ftp_scheme->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    m_colon->match(text, ftp_scheme->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    m_slash->match(text, m_colon->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    m_slash->match(text, m_slash->interval.end, end, flags))
                {
                    // ftp://
                    interval.end = m_slash->interval.end;
                    http_scheme->invalidate();
                    mailto_scheme->invalidate();
                    file_scheme->invalidate();
                }
                else if (mailto_scheme->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    m_colon->match(text, mailto_scheme->interval.end, end, flags))
                {
                    // mailto:
                    interval.end = m_colon->interval.end;
                    http_scheme->invalidate();
                    ftp_scheme->invalidate();
                    file_scheme->invalidate();
                }
                else if (file_scheme->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    m_colon->match(text, file_scheme->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    m_slash->match(text, m_colon->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    m_slash->match(text, m_slash->interval.end, end, flags))
                {
                    // file://
                    interval.end = m_slash->interval.end;
                    http_scheme->invalidate();
                    ftp_scheme->invalidate();
                    mailto_scheme->invalidate();
                }
                else {
                    // Default to http:
                    http_scheme->invalidate();
                    ftp_scheme->invalidate();
                    mailto_scheme->invalidate();
                    file_scheme->invalidate();
                }
 
                if (ftp_scheme->interval) {
                    if (username->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        if (m_colon->match(text, username->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                            password->match(text, m_colon->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                            m_at->match(text, password->interval.end, end, flags))
                        {
                            // Username and password
                            interval.end = m_at->interval.end;
                        }
                        else if (m_at->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                            // Username only
                            interval.end = m_at->interval.end;
                            password->invalidate();
                        }
                        else {
                            username->invalidate();
                            password->invalidate();
                        }
                    }
                    else {
                        username->invalidate();
                        password->invalidate();
                    }
 
                    if (ipv4_host->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        // Host is IPv4
                        interval.end = ipv4_host->interval.end;
                        ipv6_host->invalidate();
                        dns_host->invalidate();
                    }
                    else if (
                        m_ip_lbracket->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                        ipv6_host->match(text, m_ip_lbracket->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                        m_ip_rbracket->match(text, ipv6_host->interval.end, end, flags))
                    {
                        // Host is IPv6
                        interval.end = m_ip_rbracket->interval.end;
                        ipv4_host->invalidate();
                        dns_host->invalidate();
                    }
                    else if (dns_host->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        // Host is hostname
                        interval.end = dns_host->interval.end;
                        ipv4_host->invalidate();
                        ipv6_host->invalidate();
                    }
                    else {
                        invalidate();
                        return false;
                    }
 
                    if (m_colon->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                        port->match(text, m_colon->interval.end, end, flags))
                    {
                        // Port
                        interval.end = port->interval.end;
                    }
                    else
                        port->invalidate();
 
                    if (path->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        // Path
                        interval.end = path->interval.end;
                    }
 
                    interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
 
                if (mailto_scheme->interval) {
                    if (username->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                        m_at->match(text, username->interval.end, end, flags))
                    {
                        // Username
                        interval.end = m_at->interval.end;
                    }
                    else {
                        invalidate();
                        return false;
                    }
 
                    if (m_ip_lbracket->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                        ipv4_host->match(text, m_ip_lbracket->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                        m_ip_rbracket->match(text, ipv4_host->interval.end, end, flags))
                    {
                        // Host is IPv4
                        interval.end = m_ip_rbracket->interval.end;
                        ipv6_host->invalidate();
                        dns_host->invalidate();
                    }
                    else if (
                        m_ip_lbracket->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                        ipv6_host->match(text, m_ip_lbracket->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                        m_ip_rbracket->match(text, ipv6_host->interval.end, end, flags))
                    {
                        // Host is IPv6
                        interval.end = m_ip_rbracket->interval.end;
                        ipv4_host->invalidate();
                        dns_host->invalidate();
                    }
                    else if (dns_host->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        // Host is hostname
                        interval.end = dns_host->interval.end;
                        ipv4_host->invalidate();
                        ipv6_host->invalidate();
                    }
                    else {
                        invalidate();
                        return false;
                    }
 
                    password->invalidate();
                    port->invalidate();
                    path->invalidate();
                    interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
 
                if (file_scheme->interval) {
                    if (path->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        // Path
                        interval.end = path->interval.end;
                    }
 
                    username->invalidate();
                    password->invalidate();
                    ipv4_host->invalidate();
                    ipv6_host->invalidate();
                    dns_host->invalidate();
                    port->invalidate();
                    interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
 
                // "http://" found or defaulted to
 
                // If "http://" explicit, test for username&password.
                if (http_scheme->interval &&
                    username->match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                {
                    if (m_colon->match(text, username->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                        password->match(text, m_colon->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                        m_at->match(text, password->interval.end, end, flags))
                    {
                        // Username and password
                        interval.end = m_at->interval.end;
                    }
                    else if (m_at->match(text, username->interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        // Username only
                        interval.end = m_at->interval.end;
                        password->invalidate();
                    }
                    else {
                        username->invalidate();
                        password->invalidate();
                    }
                }
                else {
                    username->invalidate();
                    password->invalidate();
                }
 
                if (ipv4_host->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    // Host is IPv4
                    interval.end = ipv4_host->interval.end;
                    ipv6_host->invalidate();
                    dns_host->invalidate();
                }
                else if (
                    m_ip_lbracket->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    ipv6_host->match(text, m_ip_lbracket->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    m_ip_rbracket->match(text, ipv6_host->interval.end, end, flags))
                {
                    // Host is IPv6
                    interval.end = m_ip_rbracket->interval.end;
                    ipv4_host->invalidate();
                    dns_host->invalidate();
                }
                else if (dns_host->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    // Host is hostname
                    interval.end = dns_host->interval.end;
                    ipv4_host->invalidate();
                    ipv6_host->invalidate();
                }
                else {
                    invalidate();
                    return false;
                }
 
                if (m_colon->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    port->match(text, m_colon->interval.end, end, flags))
                {
                    // Port
                    interval.end = port->interval.end;
                }
                else
                    port->invalidate();
 
                if (path->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    // Path
                    interval.end = path->interval.end;
                }
 
                interval.start = start;
                return true;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                http_scheme->invalidate();
                ftp_scheme->invalidate();
                mailto_scheme->invalidate();
                file_scheme->invalidate();
                username->invalidate();
                password->invalidate();
                ipv4_host->invalidate();
                ipv6_host->invalidate();
                dns_host->invalidate();
                port->invalidate();
                path->invalidate();
                basic_tester<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> http_scheme;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> ftp_scheme;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> mailto_scheme;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> file_scheme;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> username;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> password;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> ipv4_host;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> ipv6_host;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> dns_host;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> port;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> path;
 
        protected:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_colon;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_slash;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_at;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_ip_lbracket;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_ip_rbracket;
        };
 
        using url = basic_url<char>;
        using wurl = basic_url<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using turl = wurl;
#else
        using turl = url;
#endif
        using sgml_url = basic_url<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_email_address : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_email_address(
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _username,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& at,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& ip_lbracket,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& ip_rbracket,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _ipv4_host,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _ipv6_host,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _dns_host,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                username(_username),
                m_at(at),
                m_ip_lbracket(ip_lbracket),
                m_ip_rbracket(ip_rbracket),
                ipv4_host(_ipv4_host),
                ipv6_host(_ipv6_host),
                dns_host(_dns_host)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
 
                if (username->match(text, start, end, flags) &&
                    m_at->match(text, username->interval.end, end, flags))
                {
                    // Username@
                    if (m_ip_lbracket->match(text, m_at->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                        ipv4_host->match(text, m_ip_lbracket->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                        m_ip_rbracket->match(text, ipv4_host->interval.end, end, flags))
                    {
                        // Host is IPv4
                        interval.end = m_ip_rbracket->interval.end;
                        ipv6_host->invalidate();
                        dns_host->invalidate();
                    }
                    else if (
                        m_ip_lbracket->match(text, m_at->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                        ipv6_host->match(text, m_ip_lbracket->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                        m_ip_rbracket->match(text, ipv6_host->interval.end, end, flags))
                    {
                        // Host is IPv6
                        interval.end = m_ip_rbracket->interval.end;
                        ipv4_host->invalidate();
                        dns_host->invalidate();
                    }
                    else if (dns_host->match(text, m_at->interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        // Host is hostname
                        interval.end = dns_host->interval.end;
                        ipv4_host->invalidate();
                        ipv6_host->invalidate();
                    }
                    else
                        goto error;
                    interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
 
            error:
                username->invalidate();
                ipv4_host->invalidate();
                ipv6_host->invalidate();
                dns_host->invalidate();
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                username->invalidate();
                ipv4_host->invalidate();
                ipv6_host->invalidate();
                dns_host->invalidate();
                basic_tester<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> username;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> ipv4_host;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> ipv6_host;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> dns_host;
 
        protected:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_at;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_ip_lbracket;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_ip_rbracket;
        };
 
        using email_address = basic_email_address<char>;
        using wemail_address = basic_email_address<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using temail_address = wemail_address;
#else
        using temail_address = email_address;
#endif
        using sgml_email_address = basic_email_address<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_emoticon : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_emoticon(
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _emoticon,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _apex,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _eyes,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _nose,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_set<T>>& _mouth,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                emoticon(_emoticon),
                apex(_apex),
                eyes(_eyes),
                nose(_nose),
                mouth(_mouth)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
 
                if (emoticon && emoticon->match(text, start, end, flags)) {
                    if (apex) apex->invalidate();
                    eyes->invalidate();
                    if (nose) nose->invalidate();
                    mouth->invalidate();
                    interval.start = start;
                    interval.end = emoticon->interval.end;
                    return true;
                }
 
                interval.end = start;
 
                if (apex && apex->match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = apex->interval.end;
 
                if (eyes->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    if (nose && nose->match(text, eyes->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                        mouth->match(text, nose->interval.end, end, flags))
                    {
                        size_t
                            start_mouth = mouth->interval.start,
                            hit_offset = mouth->hit_offset;
                        // Mouth may repeat :-)))))))
                        for (interval.end = mouth->interval.end; mouth->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) && mouth->hit_offset == hit_offset; interval.end = mouth->interval.end);
                        mouth->interval.start = start_mouth;
                        mouth->interval.end = interval.end;
                        interval.start = start;
                        return true;
                    }
                    if (mouth->match(text, eyes->interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        size_t
                            start_mouth = mouth->interval.start,
                            hit_offset = mouth->hit_offset;
                        // Mouth may repeat :-)))))))
                        for (interval.end = mouth->interval.end; mouth->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) && mouth->hit_offset == hit_offset; interval.end = mouth->interval.end);
                        if (nose) nose->invalidate();
                        mouth->interval.start = start_mouth;
                        mouth->interval.end = interval.end;
                        interval.start = start;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
 
                if (emoticon) emoticon->invalidate();
                if (apex) apex->invalidate();
                eyes->invalidate();
                if (nose) nose->invalidate();
                mouth->invalidate();
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                if (emoticon) emoticon->invalidate();
                if (apex) apex->invalidate();
                eyes->invalidate();
                if (nose) nose->invalidate();
                mouth->invalidate();
                basic_tester<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> emoticon; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> apex; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> eyes; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> nose; 
            std::shared_ptr<basic_set<T>> mouth; 
        };
 
        using emoticon = basic_emoticon<char>;
        using wemoticon = basic_emoticon<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using temoticon = wemoticon;
#else
        using temoticon = emoticon;
#endif
        using sgml_emoticon = basic_emoticon<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_date : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            enum class format {
                dmy = 0x1,
                mdy = 0x2,
                ymd = 0x4,
                ym = 0x8,
                my = 0x10,
                dm = 0x20,
                md = 0x40,
            };
 
            basic_date(
                _In_ int format_mask,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_integer<T>>& _day,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_integer<T>>& _month,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_integer<T>>& _year,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_set<T>>& separator,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& space,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                format(0),
                m_format_mask(format_mask),
                day(_day),
                month(_month),
                year(_year),
                m_separator(separator),
                m_space(space)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
 
                const int space_match_flags = flags & ~match_multiline; // Spaces in dates must never be broken in new line.
                if ((m_format_mask & format::dmy) != 0) {
                    if (day->match(text, start, end, flags)) {
                        for (interval.end = day->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                        if (m_separator->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                            size_t hit_offset = m_separator->hit_offset;
                            for (interval.end = m_separator->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                            if (month->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                                for (interval.end = month->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                                if (m_separator->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                                    m_separator->hit_offset == hit_offset) // Both separators must match.
                                {
                                    for (interval.end = m_separator->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                                    if (year->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                                        is_valid(day->value, month->value))
                                    {
                                        interval.start = start;
                                        interval.end = year->interval.end;
                                        format = format::dmy;
                                        return true;
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
 
                if ((m_format_mask & format::mdy) != 0) {
                    if (month->match(text, start, end, flags)) {
                        for (interval.end = month->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                        if (m_separator->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                            size_t hit_offset = m_separator->hit_offset;
                            for (interval.end = m_separator->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                            if (day->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                                for (interval.end = day->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                                if (m_separator->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                                    m_separator->hit_offset == hit_offset) // Both separators must match.
                                {
                                    for (interval.end = m_separator->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                                    if (year->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                                        is_valid(day->value, month->value))
                                    {
                                        interval.start = start;
                                        interval.end = year->interval.end;
                                        format = format::mdy;
                                        return true;
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
 
                if ((m_format_mask & format::ymd) != 0) {
                    if (year->match(text, start, end, flags)) {
                        for (interval.end = year->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                        if (m_separator->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                            size_t hit_offset = m_separator->hit_offset;
                            for (interval.end = m_separator->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                            if (month->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                                for (interval.end = month->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                                if (m_separator->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                                    m_separator->hit_offset == hit_offset) // Both separators must match.
                                {
                                    for (interval.end = m_separator->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                                    if (day->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                                        is_valid(day->value, month->value))
                                    {
                                        interval.start = start;
                                        interval.end = day->interval.end;
                                        format = format::ymd;
                                        return true;
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
 
                if ((m_format_mask & format::ym) != 0) {
                    if (year->match(text, start, end, flags)) {
                        for (interval.end = year->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                        if (m_separator->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                            for (interval.end = m_separator->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                            if (month->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                                is_valid((size_t)-1, month->value))
                            {
                                if (day) day->invalidate();
                                interval.start = start;
                                interval.end = month->interval.end;
                                format = format::ym;
                                return true;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
 
                if ((m_format_mask & format::my) != 0) {
                    if (month->match(text, start, end, flags)) {
                        for (interval.end = month->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                        if (m_separator->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                            for (interval.end = m_separator->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                            if (year->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                                is_valid((size_t)-1, month->value))
                            {
                                if (day) day->invalidate();
                                interval.start = start;
                                interval.end = year->interval.end;
                                format = format::my;
                                return true;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
 
                if ((m_format_mask & format::dm) != 0) {
                    if (day->match(text, start, end, flags)) {
                        for (interval.end = day->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                        if (m_separator->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                            size_t hit_offset = m_separator->hit_offset;
                            for (interval.end = m_separator->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                            if (month->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                                is_valid(day->value, month->value))
                            {
                                if (year) year->invalidate();
                                interval.start = start;
                                for (interval.end = month->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                                if (m_separator->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                                    m_separator->hit_offset == hit_offset) // Both separators must match.
                                    interval.end = m_separator->interval.end;
                                else
                                    interval.end = month->interval.end;
                                format = format::dm;
                                return true;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
 
                if ((m_format_mask & format::md) != 0) {
                    if (month->match(text, start, end, flags)) {
                        for (interval.end = month->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                        if (m_separator->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                            size_t hit_offset = m_separator->hit_offset;
                            for (interval.end = m_separator->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                            if (day->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                                is_valid(day->value, month->value))
                            {
                                if (year) year->invalidate();
                                interval.start = start;
                                for (interval.end = day->interval.end; m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags); interval.end = m_space->interval.end);
                                if (m_separator->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                                    m_separator->hit_offset == hit_offset) // Both separators must match.
                                    interval.end = m_separator->interval.end;
                                else
                                    interval.end = day->interval.end;
                                format = format::md;
                                return true;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
 
                if (day) day->invalidate();
                if (month) month->invalidate();
                if (year) year->invalidate();
                format = 0;
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                if (day) day->invalidate();
                if (month) month->invalidate();
                if (year) year->invalidate();
                format = 0;
                basic_tester<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        protected:
            static inline bool is_valid(size_t day, size_t month)
            {
                if (month == (size_t)-1) {
                    // Default to January. This allows validating day only, as January has all 31 days.
                    month = 1;
                }
                if (day == (size_t)-1) {
                    // Default to 1st day in month. This allows validating month only, as each month has 1st day.
                    day = 1;
                }
 
                switch (month) {
                case 1:
                case 3:
                case 5:
                case 7:
                case 8:
                case 10:
                case 12:
                    return 1 <= day && day <= 31;
                case 2:
                    return 1 <= day && day <= 29;
                case 4:
                case 6:
                case 9:
                case 11:
                    return 1 <= day && day <= 30;
                default:
                    return false;
                }
            }
 
        public:
            format format;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_integer<T>> day;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_integer<T>> month;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_integer<T>> year;
 
        protected:
            int m_format_mask;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_set<T>> m_separator;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_space;
        };
 
        using date = basic_date<char>;
        using wdate = basic_date<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tdate = wdate;
#else
        using tdate = date;
#endif
        using sgml_date = basic_date<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_time : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_time(
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_integer10<T>>& _hour,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_integer10<T>>& _minute,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_integer10<T>>& _second,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_integer10<T>>& _millisecond,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_set<T>>& separator,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& millisecond_separator,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                hour(_hour),
                minute(_minute),
                second(_second),
                millisecond(_millisecond),
                m_separator(separator),
                m_millisecond_separator(millisecond_separator)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
 
                if (hour->match(text, start, end, flags) &&
                    m_separator->match(text, hour->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    minute->match(text, m_separator->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    minute->value < 60)
                {
                    // hh::mm
                    size_t hit_offset = m_separator->hit_offset;
                    if (m_separator->match(text, minute->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                        m_separator->hit_offset == hit_offset && // Both separators must match.
                        second && second->match(text, m_separator->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                        second->value < 60)
                    {
                        // hh::mm:ss
                        if (m_millisecond_separator && m_millisecond_separator->match(text, second->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                            millisecond && millisecond->match(text, m_millisecond_separator->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                            millisecond->value < 1000)
                        {
                            // hh::mm:ss.mmmm
                            interval.end = millisecond->interval.end;
                        }
                        else {
                            if (millisecond) millisecond->invalidate();
                            interval.end = second->interval.end;
                        }
                    }
                    else {
                        if (second) second->invalidate();
                        if (millisecond) millisecond->invalidate();
                        interval.end = minute->interval.end;
                    }
                    interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
 
                hour->invalidate();
                minute->invalidate();
                if (second) second->invalidate();
                if (millisecond) millisecond->invalidate();
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                hour->invalidate();
                minute->invalidate();
                if (second) second->invalidate();
                if (millisecond) millisecond->invalidate();
                basic_tester<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_integer10<T>> hour;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_integer10<T>> minute;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_integer10<T>> second;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_integer10<T>> millisecond;
 
        protected:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_set<T>> m_separator;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_millisecond_separator;
        };
 
        using time = basic_time<char>;
        using wtime = basic_time<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using ttime = wtime;
#else
        using ttime = time;
#endif
        using sgml_time = basic_time<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_angle : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_angle(
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_integer10<T>>& _degree,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _degree_separator,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_integer10<T>>& _minute,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _minute_separator,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_integer10<T>>& _second,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _second_separator,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& _decimal,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                degree(_degree),
                degree_separator(_degree_separator),
                minute(_minute),
                minute_separator(_minute_separator),
                second(_second),
                second_separator(_second_separator),
                decimal(_decimal)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
 
                interval.end = start;
 
                if (degree->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    degree_separator->match(text, degree->interval.end, end, flags))
                {
                    // Degrees
                    interval.end = degree_separator->interval.end;
                }
                else {
                    degree->invalidate();
                    degree_separator->invalidate();
                }
 
                if (minute->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    minute->value < 60 &&
                    minute_separator->match(text, minute->interval.end, end, flags))
                {
                    // Minutes
                    interval.end = minute_separator->interval.end;
                }
                else {
                    minute->invalidate();
                    minute_separator->invalidate();
                }
 
                if (second && second->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                    second->value < 60)
                {
                    // Seconds
                    interval.end = second->interval.end;
                    if (second_separator && second_separator->match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                        interval.end = second_separator->interval.end;
                    else
                        if (second_separator) second_separator->invalidate();
                }
                else {
                    if (second) second->invalidate();
                    if (second_separator) second_separator->invalidate();
                }
 
                if (degree->interval.start < degree->interval.end ||
                    minute->interval.start < minute->interval.end ||
                    second && second->interval.start < second->interval.end)
                {
                    if (decimal && decimal->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        // Decimals
                        interval.end = decimal->interval.end;
                    }
                    else if (decimal)
                        decimal->invalidate();
                    interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
                if (decimal) decimal->invalidate();
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                degree->invalidate();
                degree_separator->invalidate();
                minute->invalidate();
                minute_separator->invalidate();
                if (second) second->invalidate();
                if (second_separator) second_separator->invalidate();
                if (decimal) decimal->invalidate();
                basic_tester<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_integer10<T>> degree;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> degree_separator;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_integer10<T>> minute;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> minute_separator;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_integer10<T>> second;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> second_separator;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> decimal;
        };
 
        using angle = basic_angle<char>;
        using wangle = basic_angle<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using RRegElKot = wangle;
#else
        using RRegElKot = angle;
#endif
        using sgml_angle = basic_angle<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_phone_number : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_phone_number(
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& plus_sign,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_set<T>>& lparenthesis,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_set<T>>& rparenthesis,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& separator,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& space,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                m_digit(digit),
                m_plus_sign(plus_sign),
                m_lparenthesis(lparenthesis),
                m_rparenthesis(rparenthesis),
                m_separator(separator),
                m_space(space)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
 
                size_t safe_digit_end = start, safe_value_size = 0;
                bool has_digits = false, after_digit = false, in_parentheses = false, after_parentheses = false;
                const int space_match_flags = flags & ~match_multiline; // Spaces in phone numbers must never be broken in new line.
 
                interval.end = start;
                value.clear();
                m_lparenthesis->invalidate();
                m_rparenthesis->invalidate();
 
                if (m_plus_sign && m_plus_sign->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    value.append(text + m_plus_sign->interval.start, text + m_plus_sign->interval.end);
                    safe_value_size = value.size();
                    interval.end = m_plus_sign->interval.end;
                }
 
                for (;;) {
                    assert(text || interval.end >= end);
                    if (interval.end >= end || !text[interval.end])
                        break;
                    if (m_digit->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        // Digit
                        value.append(text + m_digit->interval.start, text + m_digit->interval.end);
                        interval.end = m_digit->interval.end;
                        if (!in_parentheses) {
                            safe_digit_end = interval.end;
                            safe_value_size = value.size();
                            has_digits = true;
                        }
                        after_digit = true;
                        after_parentheses = false;
                    }
                    else if (
                        m_lparenthesis && !m_lparenthesis->interval && // No left parenthesis yet
                        m_rparenthesis && !m_rparenthesis->interval && // Right parenthesis after left
                        m_lparenthesis->match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    {
                        // Left parenthesis
                        value.Prilepi(text + m_lparenthesis->interval.start, m_lparenthesis->interval.size());
                        interval.end = m_lparenthesis->interval.end;
                        in_parentheses = true;
                        after_digit = false;
                        after_parentheses = false;
                    }
                    else if (
                        in_parentheses && // After left parenthesis
                        m_rparenthesis && !m_rparenthesis->interval && // No right parenthesis yet
                        m_rparenthesis->match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                        m_lparenthesis->hit_offset == m_rparenthesis->hit_offset) // Left and right parentheses must match
                    {
                        // Right parenthesis
                        value.append(text + m_rparenthesis->interval.start, text + m_rparenthesis->interval.end);
                        interval.end = m_rparenthesis->interval.end;
                        safe_digit_end = interval.end;
                        safe_value_size = value.size();
                        in_parentheses = false;
                        after_digit = false;
                        after_parentheses = true;
                    }
                    else if (
                        after_digit &&
                        !in_parentheses && // No separators inside parentheses
                        !after_parentheses && // No separators following right parenthesis
                        m_separator && m_separator->match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    {
                        // Separator
                        interval.end = m_separator->interval.end;
                        after_digit = false;
                        after_parentheses = false;
                    }
                    else if (
                        (after_digit || after_parentheses) &&
                        m_space && m_space->match(text, interval.end, end, space_match_flags))
                    {
                        // Space
                        interval.end = m_space->interval.end;
                        after_digit = false;
                        after_parentheses = false;
                    }
                    else
                        break;
                }
                if (has_digits) {
                    value.erase(safe_value_size);
                    interval.start = start;
                    interval.end = safe_digit_end;
                    return true;
                }
                value.clear();
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                value.clear();
                basic_tester<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            std::basic_string<T> value; 
 
        protected:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_digit;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_plus_sign;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_set<T>> m_lparenthesis;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_set<T>> m_rparenthesis;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_separator;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_space;
        };
 
        using phone_number = basic_phone_number<char>;
        using wphone_number = basic_phone_number<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tphone_number = wphone_number;
#else
        using tphone_number = phone_number;
#endif
        using sgml_phone_number = basic_phone_number<char>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_chemical_formula : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_chemical_formula(
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& element,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& digit,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& sign,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                m_element(element),
                m_digit(digit),
                m_sign(sign),
                has_digits(false),
                has_charge(false)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
 
                has_digits = false;
                has_charge = false;
                interval.end = start;
 
                const int element_match_flags = flags & ~match_case_insensitive; // Chemical elements are always case-sensitive.
                for (;;) {
                    if (m_element->match(text, interval.end, end, element_match_flags)) {
                        interval.end = m_element->interval.end;
                        while (m_digit->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                            interval.end = m_digit->interval.end;
                            has_digits = true;
                        }
                    }
                    else if (start < interval.end) {
                        if (m_sign->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                            interval.end = m_sign->interval.end;
                            has_charge = true;
                        }
                        interval.start = start;
                        return true;
                    }
                    else {
                        interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                        return false;
                    }
                }
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                has_digits = false;
                has_charge = false;
                basic_tester<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            bool has_digits;
            bool has_charge;
 
        protected:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_element;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_digit;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_sign;
        };
 
        using chemical_formula = basic_chemical_formula<char>;
        using wchemical_formula = basic_chemical_formula<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tchemical_formula = wchemical_formula;
#else
        using tchemical_formula = chemical_formula;
#endif
        using sgml_chemical_formula = basic_chemical_formula<char>;
 
        class http_line_break : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
 
                assert(text || interval.end >= end);
                if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                    if (text[interval.end] == '\r') {
                        interval.end++;
                        if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] == '\n') {
                            interval.start = start;
                            interval.end++;
                            return true;
                        }
                    }
                    else if (text[interval.end] == '\n') {
                        interval.start = start;
                        interval.end++;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
        };
 
        class http_space : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
                if (m_line_break.match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    interval.end = m_line_break.interval.end;
                    if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] && isspace(text[interval.end])) {
                        interval.start = start;
                        interval.end++;
                        while (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] && isspace(text[interval.end])) interval.end++;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                else if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] && isspace(text[interval.end])) {
                    interval.start = start;
                    interval.end++;
                    while (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] && isspace(text[interval.end])) interval.end++;
                    return true;
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
        protected:
            http_line_break m_line_break;
        };
 
        class http_text_char : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
 
                assert(text || interval.end >= end);
                if (m_space.match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    interval.start = start;
                    interval.end = m_space.interval.end;
                    return true;
                }
                else if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] && text[interval.end] >= 0x20) {
                    interval.start = start;
                    interval.end++;
                    return true;
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
        protected:
            http_space m_space;
        };
 
        class http_token : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
                for (;;) {
                    if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                        if ((unsigned int)text[interval.end] < 0x20 ||
                            (unsigned int)text[interval.end] == 0x7f ||
                            text[interval.end] == '(' ||
                            text[interval.end] == ')' ||
                            text[interval.end] == '<' ||
                            text[interval.end] == '>' ||
                            text[interval.end] == '@' ||
                            text[interval.end] == ',' ||
                            text[interval.end] == ';' ||
                            text[interval.end] == ':' ||
                            text[interval.end] == '\\' ||
                            text[interval.end] == '\"' ||
                            text[interval.end] == '/' ||
                            text[interval.end] == '[' ||
                            text[interval.end] == ']' ||
                            text[interval.end] == '?' ||
                            text[interval.end] == '=' ||
                            text[interval.end] == '{' ||
                            text[interval.end] == '}' ||
                            isspace(text[interval.end]))
                            break;
                        else
                            interval.end++;
                    }
                    else
                        break;
                }
                if (start < interval.end) {
                    interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
                else {
                    interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                    return false;
                }
            }
        };
 
        class http_quoted_string : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
                if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] != '"')
                    goto error;
                interval.end++;
                content.start = interval.end;
                for (;;) {
                    assert(text || interval.end >= end);
                    if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                        if (text[interval.end] == '"') {
                            content.end = interval.end;
                            interval.end++;
                            break;
                        }
                        else if (text[interval.end] == '\\') {
                            interval.end++;
                            if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                                interval.end++;
                            }
                            else
                                goto error;
                        }
                        else if (m_chr.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                            interval.end++;
                        else
                            goto error;
                    }
                    else
                        goto error;
                }
                interval.start = start;
                return true;
 
            error:
                content.start = 1;
                content.end = 0;
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                content.start = 1;
                content.end = 0;
                tester::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            stdex::interval<size_t> content; 
 
        protected:
            http_text_char m_chr;
        };
 
        class http_value : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
                if (string.match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    token.invalidate();
                    interval.end = string.interval.end;
                    interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
                else if (token.match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    string.invalidate();
                    interval.end = token.interval.end;
                    interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
                else {
                    interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                    return false;
                }
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                string.invalidate();
                token.invalidate();
                tester::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            http_quoted_string string; 
            http_token token; 
        };
 
        class http_parameter : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
                if (name.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = name.interval.end;
                else
                    goto error;
                while (m_space.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = m_space.interval.end;
                assert(text || interval.end >= end);
                if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] == '=')
                    interval.end++;
                else
                    while (m_space.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                        interval.end = m_space.interval.end;
                if (value.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = value.interval.end;
                else
                    goto error;
                interval.start = start;
                return true;
 
            error:
                name.invalidate();
                value.invalidate();
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                name.invalidate();
                value.invalidate();
                tester::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            http_token name; 
            http_value value; 
 
        protected:
            http_space m_space;
        };
 
        class http_any_type : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (start + 2 < end &&
                    text[start] == '*' &&
                    text[start + 1] == '/' &&
                    text[start + 2] == '*')
                {
                    interval.end = (interval.start = start) + 3;
                    return true;
                }
                else if (start < end && text[start] == '*') {
                    interval.end = (interval.start = start) + 1;
                    return true;
                }
                else {
                    interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                    return false;
                }
            }
        };
 
        class http_media_range : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
                if (type.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = type.interval.end;
                else
                    goto error;
                while (m_space.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = m_space.interval.end;
                if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] == '/')
                    interval.end++;
                else
                    goto error;
                while (m_space.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = m_space.interval.end;
                if (subtype.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = subtype.interval.end;
                else
                    goto error;
                interval.start = start;
                return true;
 
            error:
                type.invalidate();
                subtype.invalidate();
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                type.invalidate();
                subtype.invalidate();
                tester::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            http_token type;
            http_token subtype;
 
        protected:
            http_space m_space;
        };
 
        class http_media_type : public http_media_range
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                if (!http_media_range::match(text, start, end, flags))
                    goto error;
                params.clear();
                for (;;) {
                    if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                        if (m_space.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                            interval.end = m_space.interval.end;
                        else if (text[interval.end] == ';') {
                            interval.end++;
                            while (m_space.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                                interval.end = m_space.interval.end;
                            http_parameter param;
                            if (param.match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                                interval.end = param.interval.end;
                                params.push_back(std::move(param));
                            }
                            else
                                break;
                        }
                        else
                            break;
                    }
                    else
                        break;
                }
                interval.end = params.empty() ? subtype.interval.end : params.back().interval.end;
                return true;
 
            error:
                http_media_range::invalidate();
                params.clear();
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                params.clear();
                http_media_range::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            std::list<http_parameter> params;
        };
 
        class http_url_server : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
                for (;;) {
                    if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                        if ((unsigned int)text[interval.end] < 0x20 ||
                            (unsigned int)text[interval.end] == 0x7f ||
                            text[interval.end] == ':' ||
                            text[interval.end] == '/' ||
                            isspace(text[interval.end]))
                            break;
                        else
                            interval.end++;
                    }
                    else
                        break;
                }
                if (start < interval.end) {
                    interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
        };
 
        class http_url_port : public tester
        {
        public:
            http_url_port(_In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                tester(locale),
                value(0)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                value = 0;
                interval.end = start;
                for (;;) {
                    if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                        if ('0' <= text[interval.end] && text[interval.end] <= '9') {
                            size_t _value = (size_t)value * 10 + text[interval.end] - '0';
                            if (_value > (uint16_t)-1) {
                                value = 0;
                                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                                return false;
                            }
                            value = (uint16_t)_value;
                            interval.end++;
                        }
                        else
                            break;
                    }
                    else
                        break;
                }
                if (start < interval.end) {
                    interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                value = 0;
                tester::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            uint16_t value;
        };
 
        class http_url_path_segment : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
                for (;;) {
                    if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                        if ((unsigned int)text[interval.end] < 0x20 ||
                            (unsigned int)text[interval.end] == 0x7f ||
                            text[interval.end] == '?' ||
                            text[interval.end] == '/' ||
                            isspace(text[interval.end]))
                            break;
                        else
                            interval.end++;
                    }
                    else
                        break;
                }
                interval.start = start;
                return true;
            }
        };
 
        class http_url_path : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                http_url_path_segment s;
                interval.end = start;
                segments.clear();
                assert(text || interval.end >= end);
                if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] != '/')
                    goto error;
                interval.end++;
                s.match(text, interval.end, end, flags);
                segments.push_back(s);
                interval.end = s.interval.end;
                for (;;) {
                    if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                        if (text[interval.end] == '/') {
                            interval.end++;
                            s.match(text, interval.end, end, flags);
                            segments.push_back(s);
                            interval.end = s.interval.end;
                        }
                        else
                            break;
                    }
                    else
                        break;
                }
                interval.start = start;
                return true;
 
            error:
                segments.clear();
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                segments.clear();
                tester::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            std::vector<http_url_path_segment> segments; 
        };
 
        class http_url_parameter : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
                name.start = interval.end;
                for (;;) {
                    if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                        if ((unsigned int)text[interval.end] < 0x20 ||
                            (unsigned int)text[interval.end] == 0x7f ||
                            text[interval.end] == '&' ||
                            text[interval.end] == '=' ||
                            isspace(text[interval.end]))
                            break;
                        else
                            interval.end++;
                    }
                    else
                        break;
                }
                if (start < interval.end)
                    name.end = interval.end;
                else
                    goto error;
                if (text[interval.end] == '=') {
                    interval.end++;
                    value.start = interval.end;
                    for (;;) {
                        if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                            if ((unsigned int)text[interval.end] < 0x20 ||
                                (unsigned int)text[interval.end] == 0x7f ||
                                text[interval.end] == '&' ||
                                isspace(text[interval.end]))
                                break;
                            else
                                interval.end++;
                        }
                        else
                            break;
                    }
                    value.end = interval.end;
                }
                else {
                    value.start = 1;
                    value.end = 0;
                }
                interval.start = start;
                return true;
 
            error:
                name.start = 1;
                name.end = 0;
                value.start = 1;
                value.end = 0;
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                name.start = 1;
                name.end = 0;
                value.start = 1;
                value.end = 0;
                tester::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            stdex::interval<size_t> name;
            stdex::interval<size_t> value;
        };
 
        class http_url : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
 
                if (interval.end + 7 <= end && stdex::strnicmp(text + interval.end, 7, "http://", (size_t)-1, m_locale) == 0) {
                    interval.end += 7;
                    if (server.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                        interval.end = server.interval.end;
                    else
                        goto error;
                    if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] == ':') {
                        interval.end++;
                        if (port.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                            interval.end = port.interval.end;
                    }
                    else {
                        port.invalidate();
                        port.value = 80;
                    }
                }
                else {
                    server.invalidate();
                    port.invalidate();
                    port.value = 80;
                }
 
                if (path.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = path.interval.end;
                else
                    goto error;
 
                params.clear();
 
                if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] == '?') {
                    interval.end++;
                    for (;;) {
                        if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                            if ((unsigned int)text[interval.end] < 0x20 ||
                                (unsigned int)text[interval.end] == 0x7f ||
                                isspace(text[interval.end]))
                                break;
                            else if (text[interval.end] == '&')
                                interval.end++;
                            else {
                                http_url_parameter param;
                                if (param.match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                                    interval.end = param.interval.end;
                                    params.push_back(std::move(param));
                                }
                                else
                                    break;
                            }
                        }
                        else
                            break;
                    }
                }
 
                interval.start = start;
                return true;
 
            error:
                server.invalidate();
                port.invalidate();
                path.invalidate();
                params.clear();
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                server.invalidate();
                port.invalidate();
                path.invalidate();
                params.clear();
                tester::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            http_url_server server;
            http_url_port port;
            http_url_path path;
            std::list<http_url_parameter> params;
        };
 
        class http_language : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
                components.clear();
                for (;;) {
                    if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                        stdex::interval<size_t> k;
                        k.end = interval.end;
                        for (;;) {
                            if (k.end < end && text[k.end]) {
                                if (isalpha(text[k.end]))
                                    k.end++;
                                else
                                    break;
                            }
                            else
                                break;
                        }
                        if (interval.end < k.end) {
                            k.start = interval.end;
                            interval.end = k.end;
                            components.push_back(k);
                        }
                        else
                            break;
                        if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] == '-')
                            interval.end++;
                        else
                            break;
                    }
                    else
                        break;
                }
                if (!components.empty()) {
                    interval.start = start;
                    interval.end = components.back().end;
                    return true;
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                components.clear();
                tester::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            std::vector<stdex::interval<size_t>> components;
        };
 
        class http_weight : public tester
        {
        public:
            http_weight(_In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                tester(locale),
                value(1.0f)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                size_t celi_del = 0, decimalni_del = 0, decimalni_del_n = 1;
                interval.end = start;
                for (;;) {
                    if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                        if ('0' <= text[interval.end] && text[interval.end] <= '9') {
                            celi_del = celi_del * 10 + text[interval.end] - '0';
                            interval.end++;
                        }
                        else if (text[interval.end] == '.') {
                            interval.end++;
                            for (;;) {
                                if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                                    if ('0' <= text[interval.end] && text[interval.end] <= '9') {
                                        decimalni_del = decimalni_del * 10 + text[interval.end] - '0';
                                        decimalni_del_n *= 10;
                                        interval.end++;
                                    }
                                    else
                                        break;
                                }
                                else
                                    break;
                            }
                            break;
                        }
                        else
                            break;
                    }
                    else
                        break;
                }
                if (start < interval.end) {
                    value = (float)((double)celi_del + (double)decimalni_del / decimalni_del_n);
                    interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
                value = 1.0f;
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                value = 1.0f;
                tester::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            float value; 
        };
 
        class http_asterisk : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || end <= start);
                if (start < end && text[start] == '*') {
                    interval.end = (interval.start = start) + 1;
                    return true;
                }
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
        };
 
        template <class T, class T_asterisk = http_asterisk>
        class http_weighted_value : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                size_t konec_vrednosti;
                interval.end = start;
                if (asterisk.match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    interval.end = konec_vrednosti = asterisk.interval.end;
                    value.invalidate();
                }
                else if (value.match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    interval.end = konec_vrednosti = value.interval.end;
                    asterisk.invalidate();
                }
                else {
                    asterisk.invalidate();
                    value.invalidate();
                    interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                    return false;
                }
 
                while (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] && isspace(text[interval.end])) interval.end++;
                if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] == ';') {
                    interval.end++;
                    while (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] && isspace(text[interval.end])) interval.end++;
                    if (interval.end < end && (text[interval.end] == 'q' || text[interval.end] == 'Q')) {
                        interval.end++;
                        while (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] && isspace(text[interval.end])) interval.end++;
                        if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] == '=') {
                            interval.end++;
                            while (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] && isspace(text[interval.end])) interval.end++;
                            if (factor.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                                interval.end = factor.interval.end;
                        }
                    }
                }
                if (!factor.interval) {
                    factor.invalidate();
                    interval.end = konec_vrednosti;
                }
                interval.start = start;
                return true;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                asterisk.invalidate();
                value.invalidate();
                factor.invalidate();
                tester::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            T_asterisk asterisk;
            T value;
            http_weight factor;
        };
 
        class http_cookie_parameter : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
                if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] == '$')
                    interval.end++;
                else
                    goto error;
                if (name.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = name.interval.end;
                else
                    goto error;
                while (m_space.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = m_space.interval.end;
                if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] == '=')
                    interval.end++;
                else
                    goto error;
                while (m_space.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = m_space.interval.end;
                if (value.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = value.interval.end;
                else
                    goto error;
                interval.start = start;
                return true;
 
            error:
                name.invalidate();
                value.invalidate();
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                name.invalidate();
                value.invalidate();
                tester::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            http_token name;
            http_value value;
 
        protected:
            http_space m_space;
        };
 
        class http_cookie : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
                if (name.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = name.interval.end;
                else
                    goto error;
                while (m_space.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = m_space.interval.end;
                if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] == '=')
                    interval.end++;
                else
                    goto error;
                while (m_space.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = m_space.interval.end;
                if (value.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = value.interval.end;
                else
                    goto error;
                params.clear();
                for (;;) {
                    if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                        if (m_space.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                            interval.end = m_space.interval.end;
                        else if (text[interval.end] == ';') {
                            interval.end++;
                            while (m_space.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                                interval.end = m_space.interval.end;
                            http_cookie_parameter param;
                            if (param.match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                                interval.end = param.interval.end;
                                params.push_back(std::move(param));
                            }
                            else
                                break;
                        }
                        else
                            break;
                    }
                    else
                        break;
                }
                interval.start = start;
                interval.end = params.empty() ? value.interval.end : params.back().interval.end;
                return true;
 
            error:
                name.invalidate();
                value.invalidate();
                params.clear();
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                name.invalidate();
                value.invalidate();
                params.clear();
                tester::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            http_token name; 
            http_value value; 
            std::list<http_cookie_parameter> params; 
 
        protected:
            http_space m_space;
        };
 
        class http_agent : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
                type.start = interval.end;
                for (;;) {
                    if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                        if (text[interval.end] == '/') {
                            type.end = interval.end;
                            interval.end++;
                            version.start = interval.end;
                            for (;;) {
                                if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                                    if (isspace(text[interval.end])) {
                                        version.end = interval.end;
                                        break;
                                    }
                                    else
                                        interval.end++;
                                }
                                else {
                                    version.end = interval.end;
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                            break;
                        }
                        else if (isspace(text[interval.end])) {
                            type.end = interval.end;
                            break;
                        }
                        else
                            interval.end++;
                    }
                    else {
                        type.end = interval.end;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                if (start < interval.end) {
                    interval.start = start;
                    return true;
                }
                type.start = 1;
                type.end = 0;
                version.start = 1;
                version.end = 0;
                interval.start = 1;
                interval.end = 0;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                type.start = 1;
                type.end = 0;
                version.start = 1;
                version.end = 0;
                tester::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            stdex::interval<size_t> type;
            stdex::interval<size_t> version;
        };
 
        class http_protocol : public tester
        {
        public:
            http_protocol(_In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                tester(locale),
                version(0x009)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
                type.start = interval.end;
                for (;;) {
                    if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                        if (text[interval.end] == '/') {
                            type.end = interval.end;
                            interval.end++;
                            break;
                        }
                        else if (isspace(text[interval.end]))
                            goto error;
                        else
                            interval.end++;
                    }
                    else {
                        type.end = interval.end;
                        goto error;
                    }
                }
                version_maj.start = interval.end;
                for (;;) {
                    if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                        if (text[interval.end] == '.') {
                            version_maj.end = interval.end;
                            interval.end++;
                            version_min.start = interval.end;
                            for (;;) {
                                if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                                    if (isspace(text[interval.end])) {
                                        version_min.end = interval.end;
                                        version =
                                            (uint16_t)strtoui(text + version_maj.start, version_maj.size(), nullptr, 10) * 0x100 +
                                            (uint16_t)strtoui(text + version_min.start, version_min.size(), nullptr, 10);
                                        break;
                                    }
                                    else
                                        interval.end++;
                                }
                                else
                                    goto error;
                            }
                            break;
                        }
                        else if (isspace(text[interval.end])) {
                            version_maj.end = interval.end;
                            version_min.start = 1;
                            version_min.end = 0;
                            version = (uint16_t)strtoui(text + version_maj.start, version_maj.size(), nullptr, 10) * 0x100;
                            break;
                        }
                        else
                            interval.end++;
                    }
                    else
                        goto error;
                }
                interval.start = start;
                return true;
 
            error:
                type.start = 1;
                type.end = 0;
                version_maj.start = 1;
                version_maj.end = 0;
                version_min.start = 1;
                version_min.end = 0;
                version = 0x009;
                interval.start = 1;
                interval.end = 0;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                type.start = 1;
                type.end = 0;
                version_maj.start = 1;
                version_maj.end = 0;
                version_min.start = 1;
                version_min.end = 0;
                version = 0x009;
                tester::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            stdex::interval<size_t> type;
            stdex::interval<size_t> version_maj;
            stdex::interval<size_t> version_min;
            uint16_t version; 
        };
 
        class http_request : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
 
                for (;;) {
                    if (m_line_break.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                        goto error;
                    else if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                        if (isspace(text[interval.end]))
                            interval.end++;
                        else
                            break;
                    }
                    else
                        goto error;
                }
                verb.start = interval.end;
                for (;;) {
                    if (m_line_break.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                        goto error;
                    else if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                        if (isspace(text[interval.end])) {
                            verb.end = interval.end;
                            interval.end++;
                            break;
                        }
                        else
                            interval.end++;
                    }
                    else
                        goto error;
                }
 
                for (;;) {
                    if (m_line_break.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                        goto error;
                    else if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                        if (isspace(text[interval.end]))
                            interval.end++;
                        else
                            break;
                    }
                    else
                        goto error;
                }
                if (url.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                    interval.end = url.interval.end;
                else
                    goto error;
 
                protocol.invalidate();
                for (;;) {
                    if (m_line_break.match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        interval.end = m_line_break.interval.end;
                        goto end;
                    }
                    else if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                        if (isspace(text[interval.end]))
                            interval.end++;
                        else
                            break;
                    }
                    else
                        goto end;
                }
                for (;;) {
                    if (m_line_break.match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        interval.end = m_line_break.interval.end;
                        goto end;
                    }
                    else if (protocol.match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        interval.end = protocol.interval.end;
                        break;
                    }
                    else
                        goto end;
                }
 
                for (;;) {
                    if (m_line_break.match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        interval.end = m_line_break.interval.end;
                        break;
                    }
                    else if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end])
                        interval.end++;
                    else
                        goto end;
                }
 
            end:
                interval.start = start;
                return true;
 
            error:
                verb.start = 1;
                verb.end = 0;
                url.invalidate();
                protocol.invalidate();
                interval.start = 1;
                interval.end = 0;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                verb.start = 1;
                verb.end = 0;
                url.invalidate();
                protocol.invalidate();
                tester::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            stdex::interval<size_t> verb;
            http_url url;
            http_protocol protocol;
 
        protected:
            http_line_break m_line_break;
        };
 
        class http_header : public tester
        {
        public:
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const char* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
 
                if (m_line_break.match(text, interval.end, end, flags) ||
                    interval.end < end && text[interval.end] && isspace(text[interval.end]))
                    goto error;
                name.start = interval.end;
                for (;;) {
                    if (m_line_break.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                        goto error;
                    else if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                        if (isspace(text[interval.end])) {
                            name.end = interval.end;
                            interval.end++;
                            for (;;) {
                                if (m_line_break.match(text, interval.end, end, flags))
                                    goto error;
                                else if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                                    if (isspace(text[interval.end]))
                                        interval.end++;
                                    else
                                        break;
                                }
                                else
                                    goto error;
                            }
                            if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end] == ':') {
                                interval.end++;
                                break;
                            }
                            else
                                goto error;
                            break;
                        }
                        else if (text[interval.end] == ':') {
                            name.end = interval.end;
                            interval.end++;
                            break;
                        }
                        else
                            interval.end++;
                    }
                    else
                        goto error;
                }
                value.start = (size_t)-1;
                value.end = 0;
                for (;;) {
                    if (m_line_break.match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                        interval.end = m_line_break.interval.end;
                        if (!m_line_break.match(text, interval.end, end, flags) &&
                            interval.end < end && text[interval.end] && isspace(text[interval.end]))
                            interval.end++;
                        else
                            break;
                    }
                    else if (interval.end < end && text[interval.end]) {
                        if (isspace(text[interval.end]))
                            interval.end++;
                        else {
                            if (value.start == (size_t)-1) value.start = interval.end;
                            value.end = ++interval.end;
                        }
                    }
                    else
                        break;
                }
                interval.start = start;
                return true;
 
            error:
                name.start = 1;
                name.end = 0;
                value.start = 1;
                value.end = 0;
                interval.start = 1;
                interval.end = 0;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                name.start = 1;
                name.end = 0;
                value.start = 1;
                value.end = 0;
                tester::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            stdex::interval<size_t> name; // interval imena glave
            stdex::interval<size_t> value; // interval vrednosti glave
 
        protected:
            http_line_break m_line_break;
        };
 
        template <class T>
        class http_header_collection : public T
        {
        public:
            void insert(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                while (start < end) {
                    while (start < end && text[start] && isspace(text[start])) start++;
                    if (start < end && text[start] == ',') {
                        start++;
                        while (start < end&& text[start] && isspace(text[start])) start++;
                    }
                    T::key_type el;
                    if (el.match(text, start, end, flags)) {
                        start = el.interval.end;
                        T::insert(std::move(el));
                    }
                    else
                        break;
                }
            }
        };
 
        template <class T>
        struct http_factor_more {
            constexpr bool operator()(const T& a, const T& b) const noexcept
            {
                return a.factor.value > b.factor.value;
            }
        };
 
        template <class T, class _Pr = http_factor_more<T>, class _Alloc = std::allocator<T>>
        using http_weighted_header_collection = http_header_collection<std::multiset<T, _Pr, _Alloc>>;
 
        template <class T>
        class basic_json_string : public basic_tester<T>
        {
        public:
            basic_json_string(
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& quote,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& chr,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& escape,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& sol,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& bs,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& ff,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& lf,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& cr,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& htab,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>>& uni,
                _In_ const std::shared_ptr<basic_integer16<T>>& hex,
                _In_ const std::locale& locale = std::locale()) :
                basic_tester<T>(locale),
                m_quote(quote),
                m_chr(chr),
                m_escape(escape),
                m_sol(sol),
                m_bs(bs),
                m_ff(ff),
                m_lf(lf),
                m_cr(cr),
                m_htab(htab),
                m_uni(uni),
                m_hex(hex)
            {}
 
            virtual bool match(
                _In_reads_or_z_(end) const T* text,
                _In_ size_t start = 0,
                _In_ size_t end = (size_t)-1,
                _In_ int flags = match_default)
            {
                assert(text || start >= end);
                interval.end = start;
                if (m_quote->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                    interval.end = m_quote->interval.end;
                    value.clear();
                    for (;;) {
                        if (m_quote->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                            interval.start = start;
                            interval.end = m_quote->interval.end;
                            return true;
                        }
                        if (m_escape->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                            if (m_quote->match(text, m_escape->interval.end, end, flags)) {
                                value += '"'; interval.end = m_quote->interval.end;
                                continue;
                            }
                            if (m_sol->match(text, m_escape->interval.end, end, flags)) {
                                value += '/'; interval.end = m_sol->interval.end;
                                continue;
                            }
                            if (m_bs->match(text, m_escape->interval.end, end, flags)) {
                                value += '\b'; interval.end = m_bs->interval.end;
                                continue;
                            }
                            if (m_ff->match(text, m_escape->interval.end, end, flags)) {
                                value += '\f'; interval.end = m_ff->interval.end;
                                continue;
                            }
                            if (m_lf->match(text, m_escape->interval.end, end, flags)) {
                                value += '\n'; interval.end = m_lf->interval.end;
                                continue;
                            }
                            if (m_cr->match(text, m_escape->interval.end, end, flags)) {
                                value += '\r'; interval.end = m_cr->interval.end;
                                continue;
                            }
                            if (m_htab->match(text, m_escape->interval.end, end, flags)) {
                                value += '\t'; interval.end = m_htab->interval.end;
                                continue;
                            }
                            if (
                                m_uni->match(text, m_escape->interval.end, end, flags) &&
                                m_hex->match(text, m_uni->interval.end, std::min(m_uni->interval.end + 4, end), flags | match_case_insensitive) &&
                                m_hex->interval.size() == 4 /* JSON requests 4-digit Unicode sequneces: \u.... */)
                            {
                                assert(m_hex->value <= 0xffff);
                                if (sizeof(T) == 1) {
                                    if (m_hex->value > 0x7ff) {
                                        value += (T)(0xe0 | (m_hex->value >> 12) & 0x0f);
                                        value += (T)(0x80 | (m_hex->value >> 6) & 0x3f);
                                        value += (T)(0x80 | m_hex->value & 0x3f);
                                    }
                                    else if (m_hex->value > 0x7f) {
                                        value += (T)(0xc0 | (m_hex->value >> 6) & 0x1f);
                                        value += (T)(0x80 | m_hex->value & 0x3f);
                                    }
                                    else
                                        value += (T)(m_hex->value & 0x7f);
                                }
                                else
                                    value += (T)m_hex->value;
                                interval.end = m_hex->interval.end;
                                continue;
                            }
                            if (m_escape->match(text, m_escape->interval.end, end, flags)) {
                                value += '\\'; interval.end = m_escape->interval.end;
                                continue;
                            }
                        }
                        if (m_chr->match(text, interval.end, end, flags)) {
                            value.Prilepi(text + m_chr->interval.start, m_chr->interval.size());
                            interval.end = m_chr->interval.end;
                            continue;
                        }
                        break;
                    }
                }
                value.clear();
                interval.start = (interval.end = start) + 1;
                return false;
            }
 
            virtual void invalidate()
            {
                value.clear();
                basic_tester<T>::invalidate();
            }
 
        public:
            std::basic_string<T> value;
 
        protected:
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_quote;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_chr;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_escape;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_sol;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_bs;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_ff;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_lf;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_cr;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_htab;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_tester<T>> m_uni;
            std::shared_ptr<basic_integer16<T>> m_hex;
        };
 
        using json_string = basic_json_string<char>;
        using wjson_string = basic_json_string<wchar_t>;
#ifdef _UNICODE
        using tjson_string = wjson_string;
#else
        using tjson_string = json_string;
#endif
    }
}
 
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#pragma warning(pop)
#endif