Common.h

/*
    SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    Copyright © 1991-2024 Amebis
    Copyright © 2016 GÉANT
*/
 
#pragma once
 
#include <Windows.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <intsafe.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
 
 
 
#ifndef __L
#define __L(x)  L ## x
#endif
 
#ifndef _L
#define _L(x)   __L(x)
#endif
 
#define WINSTD_STRING_IMPL(x)  #x
 
#define WINSTD_STRING(x)       WINSTD_STRING_IMPL(x)
 
#define WINSTD_NONCOPYABLE(C) \
private: \
       C        (_In_ const C &h) noexcept; \
    C& operator=(_In_ const C &h) noexcept;
 
#define WINSTD_NONMOVABLE(C) \
private: \
       C        (_Inout_ C &&h) noexcept; \
    C& operator=(_Inout_ C &&h) noexcept;
 
#ifndef WINSTD_STACK_BUFFER_BYTES
#define WINSTD_STACK_BUFFER_BYTES  1024
#endif
 
 
 
#ifdef UNICODE
#define PRINTF_LPTSTR "ls"
#else
#define PRINTF_LPTSTR "s"
#endif
 
#ifdef OLE2ANSI
#define PRINTF_LPOLESTR  "hs"
#else
#define PRINTF_LPOLESTR  "ls"
#endif
 
#ifdef _UNICODE
#define _tcin   (std::wcin )
#else
#define _tcin   (std::cin ) 
#endif
 
#ifdef _UNICODE
#define _tcout  (std::wcout)
#else
#define _tcout  (std::cout)
#endif
 
#ifdef _UNICODE
#define _tcerr  (std::wcerr)
#else
#define _tcerr  (std::cerr)
#endif
 
#ifdef _UNICODE
#define _tclog  (std::wclog)
#else
#define _tclog  (std::clog)
#endif
 
 
 
#define WINSTD_HANDLE_IMPL(C, T, INVAL) \
public: \
       C        (              ) noexcept                                  {} \
       C        (_In_opt_ T   h) noexcept : handle<T, INVAL>(          h ) {} \
       C        (_Inout_  C &&h) noexcept : handle<T, INVAL>(std::move(h)) {} \
    C& operator=(_In_opt_ T   h) noexcept                                  { handle<T, INVAL>::operator=(          h ); return *this; } \
    C& operator=(_Inout_  C &&h) noexcept                                  { handle<T, INVAL>::operator=(std::move(h)); return *this; } \
WINSTD_NONCOPYABLE(C)
 
#define WINSTD_DPLHANDLE_IMPL(C, T, INVAL) \
public: \
       C        (                    ) noexcept                                                  {} \
       C        (_In_opt_       T   h) noexcept : dplhandle<T, INVAL>(                   h     ) {} \
       C        (_In_     const C  &h) noexcept : dplhandle<T, INVAL>(duplicate_internal(h.m_h)) {} \
       C        (_Inout_        C &&h) noexcept : dplhandle<T, INVAL>(std::move         (h    )) {} \
    C& operator=(_In_opt_       T   h) noexcept                                                  { dplhandle<T, INVAL>::operator=(          h ); return *this; } \
    C& operator=(_In_     const C  &h) noexcept                                                  { dplhandle<T, INVAL>::operator=(          h ); return *this; } \
    C& operator=(_Inout_        C &&h) noexcept                                                  { dplhandle<T, INVAL>::operator=(std::move(h)); return *this; } \
private:
 
 
#ifndef _FormatMessage_format_string_
#define _FormatMessage_format_string_ _In_z_
#endif
 
#ifndef _LPCBYTE_DEFINED
#define _LPCBYTE_DEFINED
typedef const BYTE *LPCBYTE;
#endif
 
#pragma warning(push)
// Do not use _vsnprintf_s/_vsnwprintf_s(), since it terminates string by force even when we explicitly want to write unterminated string.
// Threfore turn off compiler warning instead. ;)
#pragma warning(disable: 4995)
#pragma warning(disable: 4996)
#pragma warning(disable: 4505) // Don't warn on unused code
 
#ifdef _WIN64
inline ULONGLONG ULongLongMult(ULONGLONG a, ULONGLONG b)
{
    ULONGLONG result;
    if (SUCCEEDED(ULongLongMult(a, b, &result)))
        return result;
    throw std::invalid_argument("multiply overflow");
}
#else
inline SIZE_T SIZETMult(SIZE_T a, SIZE_T b)
{
    SIZE_T result;
    if (SUCCEEDED(SIZETMult(a, b, &result)))
        return result;
    throw std::invalid_argument("multiply overflow");
}
#endif
 
#ifdef _WIN64
inline ULONGLONG ULongLongAdd(ULONGLONG a, ULONGLONG b)
{
    ULONGLONG result;
    if (SUCCEEDED(ULongLongAdd(a, b, &result)))
        return result;
    throw std::invalid_argument("add overflow");
}
#else
inline SIZE_T SIZETAdd(SIZE_T a, SIZE_T b)
{
    SIZE_T result;
    if (SUCCEEDED(SIZETAdd(a, b, &result)))
        return result;
    throw std::invalid_argument("add overflow");
}
#endif
 
 
template<class _Traits, class _Ax>
static int vsprintf(_Inout_ std::basic_string<char, _Traits, _Ax> &str, _In_z_ _Printf_format_string_ const char *format, _In_ va_list arg)
{
    char buf[WINSTD_STACK_BUFFER_BYTES/sizeof(char)];
 
    // Try with stack buffer first.
    int count = _vsnprintf(buf, _countof(buf), format, arg);
    if (0 <= count && count < _countof(buf)) {
        // Copy from stack.
        str.append(buf, count);
        return count;
    }
    if (count < 0) {
        switch (errno) {
        case 0:
            count = _vsnprintf(NULL, 0, format, arg);
            assert(count >= 0);
            break;
        case EINVAL: throw std::invalid_argument("invalid vsnprintf arguments");
        case EILSEQ: throw std::runtime_error("encoding error");
        default: throw std::runtime_error("failed to format string");
        }
    }
    size_t offset = str.size();
    str.resize(offset + count);
    if (_vsnprintf(&str[offset], count + 1, format, arg) != count)
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to format string");
    return count;
}
 
template<class _Traits, class _Ax>
static int vsprintf(_Inout_ std::basic_string<wchar_t, _Traits, _Ax> &str, _In_z_ _Printf_format_string_ const wchar_t *format, _In_ va_list arg)
{
    wchar_t buf[WINSTD_STACK_BUFFER_BYTES/sizeof(wchar_t)];
 
    // Try with stack buffer first.
    int count = _vsnwprintf(buf, _countof(buf), format, arg);
    if (0 <= count && count < _countof(buf)) {
        // Copy from stack.
        str.append(buf, count);
        return count;
    }
    if (count < 0) {
        switch (errno) {
        case 0:
            count = _vsnwprintf(NULL, 0, format, arg);
            assert(count >= 0);
            break;
        case EINVAL: throw std::invalid_argument("invalid vsnprintf arguments");
        case EILSEQ: throw std::runtime_error("encoding error");
        default: throw std::runtime_error("failed to format string");
        }
    }
    size_t offset = str.size();
    str.resize(offset + count);
    if (_vsnwprintf(&str[offset], count + 1, format, arg) != count)
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to format string");
    return count;
}
 
template<class _Elem, class _Traits, class _Ax>
static int sprintf(_Inout_ std::basic_string<_Elem, _Traits, _Ax> &str, _In_z_ _Printf_format_string_ const _Elem *format, ...)
{
    va_list arg;
    va_start(arg, format);
    const int res = vsprintf(str, format, arg);
    va_end(arg);
    return res;
}
 
template<class _Traits, class _Ax>
static _Success_(return != 0) int WideCharToMultiByte(_In_ UINT CodePage, _In_ DWORD dwFlags, _In_z_count_(cchWideChar) LPCWSTR lpWideCharStr, _In_ int cchWideChar, _Out_ std::basic_string<char, _Traits, _Ax> &sMultiByteStr, _In_opt_z_ LPCSTR lpDefaultChar, _Out_opt_ LPBOOL lpUsedDefaultChar) noexcept
{
    CHAR szStackBuffer[WINSTD_STACK_BUFFER_BYTES / sizeof(CHAR)];
 
    // Try to convert to stack buffer first.
    int cch = ::WideCharToMultiByte(CodePage, dwFlags, lpWideCharStr, cchWideChar, szStackBuffer, _countof(szStackBuffer), lpDefaultChar, lpUsedDefaultChar);
    if (cch) {
        // Copy from stack. Be careful not to include zero terminator.
        sMultiByteStr.assign(szStackBuffer, cchWideChar != -1 ? strnlen(szStackBuffer, cch) : (size_t)cch - 1);
    }
    else if (::GetLastError() == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER) {
        // Query the required output size. Allocate buffer. Then convert again.
        cch = ::WideCharToMultiByte(CodePage, dwFlags, lpWideCharStr, cchWideChar, NULL, 0, lpDefaultChar, lpUsedDefaultChar);
        sMultiByteStr.resize(cch);
        cch = ::WideCharToMultiByte(CodePage, dwFlags, lpWideCharStr, cchWideChar, &sMultiByteStr[0], cch, lpDefaultChar, lpUsedDefaultChar);
        sMultiByteStr.resize(cchWideChar != -1 ? strnlen(&sMultiByteStr[0], cch) : (size_t)cch - 1);
    }
 
    return cch;
}
 
template<class _Ax>
static _Success_(return != 0) int WideCharToMultiByte(_In_ UINT CodePage, _In_ DWORD dwFlags, _In_z_count_(cchWideChar) LPCWSTR lpWideCharStr, _In_ int cchWideChar, _Out_ std::vector<char, _Ax> &sMultiByteStr, _In_opt_z_ LPCSTR lpDefaultChar, _Out_opt_ LPBOOL lpUsedDefaultChar) noexcept
{
    CHAR szStackBuffer[WINSTD_STACK_BUFFER_BYTES / sizeof(CHAR)];
 
    // Try to convert to stack buffer first.
    int cch = ::WideCharToMultiByte(CodePage, dwFlags, lpWideCharStr, cchWideChar, szStackBuffer, _countof(szStackBuffer), lpDefaultChar, lpUsedDefaultChar);
    if (cch) {
        // Copy from stack.
        sMultiByteStr.assign(szStackBuffer, szStackBuffer + cch);
    }
    else if (::GetLastError() == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER) {
        // Query the required output size. Allocate buffer. Then convert again.
        cch = ::WideCharToMultiByte(CodePage, dwFlags, lpWideCharStr, cchWideChar, NULL, 0, lpDefaultChar, lpUsedDefaultChar);
        sMultiByteStr.resize(cch);
        cch = ::WideCharToMultiByte(CodePage, dwFlags, lpWideCharStr, cchWideChar, sMultiByteStr.data(), cch, lpDefaultChar, lpUsedDefaultChar);
    }
 
    return cch;
}
 
template<class _Traits1, class _Ax1, class _Traits2, class _Ax2>
static _Success_(return != 0) int WideCharToMultiByte(_In_ UINT CodePage, _In_ DWORD dwFlags, _In_ std::basic_string<wchar_t, _Traits1, _Ax1> sWideCharStr, _Out_ std::basic_string<char, _Traits2, _Ax2> &sMultiByteStr, _In_opt_z_ LPCSTR lpDefaultChar, _Out_opt_ LPBOOL lpUsedDefaultChar) noexcept
{
    CHAR szStackBuffer[WINSTD_STACK_BUFFER_BYTES / sizeof(CHAR)];
 
    // Try to convert to stack buffer first.
    int cch = ::WideCharToMultiByte(CodePage, dwFlags, sWideCharStr.c_str(), (int)sWideCharStr.length(), szStackBuffer, _countof(szStackBuffer), lpDefaultChar, lpUsedDefaultChar);
    if (cch) {
        // Copy from stack.
        sMultiByteStr.assign(szStackBuffer, cch);
    }
    else if (::GetLastError() == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER) {
        // Query the required output size. Allocate buffer. Then convert again.
        cch = ::WideCharToMultiByte(CodePage, dwFlags, sWideCharStr.c_str(), (int)sWideCharStr.length(), NULL, 0, lpDefaultChar, lpUsedDefaultChar);
        sMultiByteStr.resize(cch);
        cch = ::WideCharToMultiByte(CodePage, dwFlags, sWideCharStr.c_str(), (int)sWideCharStr.length(), &sMultiByteStr[0], cch, lpDefaultChar, lpUsedDefaultChar);
    }
 
    return cch;
}
 
template<class _Traits, class _Ax>
static _Success_(return != 0) int SecureWideCharToMultiByte(_In_ UINT CodePage, _In_ DWORD dwFlags, _In_z_count_(cchWideChar) LPCWSTR lpWideCharStr, _In_ int cchWideChar, _Out_ std::basic_string<char, _Traits, _Ax> &sMultiByteStr, _In_opt_z_ LPCSTR lpDefaultChar, _Out_opt_ LPBOOL lpUsedDefaultChar) noexcept
{
    CHAR szStackBuffer[WINSTD_STACK_BUFFER_BYTES / sizeof(CHAR)];
 
    // Try to convert to stack buffer first.
    int cch = ::WideCharToMultiByte(CodePage, dwFlags, lpWideCharStr, cchWideChar, szStackBuffer, _countof(szStackBuffer), lpDefaultChar, lpUsedDefaultChar);
    if (cch) {
        // Copy from stack. Be careful not to include zero terminator.
        sMultiByteStr.assign(szStackBuffer, cchWideChar != -1 ? strnlen(szStackBuffer, cch) : (size_t)cch - 1);
    }
    else if (::GetLastError() == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER) {
        // Query the required output size. Allocate buffer. Then convert again.
        cch = ::WideCharToMultiByte(CodePage, dwFlags, lpWideCharStr, cchWideChar, NULL, 0, lpDefaultChar, lpUsedDefaultChar);
        sMultiByteStr.resize(cch);
        cch = ::WideCharToMultiByte(CodePage, dwFlags, lpWideCharStr, cchWideChar, &sMultiByteStr[0], cch, lpDefaultChar, lpUsedDefaultChar);
        sMultiByteStr.resize(cchWideChar != -1 ? strnlen(&sMultiByteStr[0], cch) : (size_t)cch - 1);
    }
 
    SecureZeroMemory(szStackBuffer, sizeof(szStackBuffer));
 
    return cch;
}
 
template<class _Ax>
static _Success_(return != 0) int SecureWideCharToMultiByte(_In_ UINT CodePage, _In_ DWORD dwFlags, _In_z_count_(cchWideChar) LPCWSTR lpWideCharStr, _In_ int cchWideChar, _Out_ std::vector<char, _Ax> &sMultiByteStr, _In_opt_z_ LPCSTR lpDefaultChar, _Out_opt_ LPBOOL lpUsedDefaultChar) noexcept
{
    CHAR szStackBuffer[WINSTD_STACK_BUFFER_BYTES / sizeof(CHAR)];
 
    // Try to convert to stack buffer first.
    int cch = ::WideCharToMultiByte(CodePage, dwFlags, lpWideCharStr, cchWideChar, szStackBuffer, _countof(szStackBuffer), lpDefaultChar, lpUsedDefaultChar);
    if (cch) {
        // Copy from stack.
        sMultiByteStr.assign(szStackBuffer, szStackBuffer + cch);
    }
    else if (::GetLastError() == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER) {
        // Query the required output size. Allocate buffer. Then convert again.
        cch = ::WideCharToMultiByte(CodePage, dwFlags, lpWideCharStr, cchWideChar, NULL, 0, lpDefaultChar, lpUsedDefaultChar);
        sMultiByteStr.resize(cch);
        cch = ::WideCharToMultiByte(CodePage, dwFlags, lpWideCharStr, cchWideChar, sMultiByteStr.data(), cch, lpDefaultChar, lpUsedDefaultChar);
    }
 
    SecureZeroMemory(szStackBuffer, sizeof(szStackBuffer));
 
    return cch;
}
 
template<class _Traits1, class _Ax1, class _Traits2, class _Ax2>
static _Success_(return != 0) int SecureWideCharToMultiByte(_In_ UINT CodePage, _In_ DWORD dwFlags, _Out_ std::basic_string<wchar_t, _Traits1, _Ax1> sWideCharStr, _Out_ std::basic_string<char, _Traits2, _Ax2> &sMultiByteStr, _In_opt_z_ LPCSTR lpDefaultChar, _Out_opt_ LPBOOL lpUsedDefaultChar) noexcept
{
    CHAR szStackBuffer[WINSTD_STACK_BUFFER_BYTES / sizeof(CHAR)];
 
    // Try to convert to stack buffer first.
    int cch = ::WideCharToMultiByte(CodePage, dwFlags, sWideCharStr.c_str(), (int)sWideCharStr.length(), szStackBuffer, _countof(szStackBuffer), lpDefaultChar, lpUsedDefaultChar);
    if (cch) {
        // Copy from stack.
        sMultiByteStr.assign(szStackBuffer, cch);
    }
    else if (::GetLastError() == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER) {
        // Query the required output size. Allocate buffer. Then convert again.
        cch = ::WideCharToMultiByte(CodePage, dwFlags, sWideCharStr.c_str(), (int)sWideCharStr.length(), NULL, 0, lpDefaultChar, lpUsedDefaultChar);
        sMultiByteStr.resize(cch);
        cch = ::WideCharToMultiByte(CodePage, dwFlags, sWideCharStr.c_str(), (int)sWideCharStr.length(), &sMultiByteStr[0], cch, lpDefaultChar, lpUsedDefaultChar);
    }
 
    SecureZeroMemory(szStackBuffer, sizeof(szStackBuffer));
 
    return cch;
}
 
template<class _Traits, class _Ax>
static _Success_(return != 0) int MultiByteToWideChar(_In_ UINT CodePage, _In_ DWORD dwFlags, _In_z_count_(cbMultiByte) LPCSTR lpMultiByteStr, _In_ int cbMultiByte, _Out_ std::basic_string<wchar_t, _Traits, _Ax> &sWideCharStr) noexcept
{
    WCHAR szStackBuffer[WINSTD_STACK_BUFFER_BYTES / sizeof(WCHAR)];
 
    // Try to convert to stack buffer first.
    int cch = ::MultiByteToWideChar(CodePage, dwFlags, lpMultiByteStr, cbMultiByte, szStackBuffer, _countof(szStackBuffer));
    if (cch) {
        // Copy from stack.
        sWideCharStr.assign(szStackBuffer, cbMultiByte != -1 ? wcsnlen(szStackBuffer, cch) : (size_t)cch - 1);
    }
    else if (::GetLastError() == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER) {
        // Query the required output size. Allocate buffer. Then convert again.
        cch = ::MultiByteToWideChar(CodePage, dwFlags, lpMultiByteStr, cbMultiByte, NULL, 0);
        sWideCharStr.resize(cch);
        cch = ::MultiByteToWideChar(CodePage, dwFlags, lpMultiByteStr, cbMultiByte, &sWideCharStr[0], cch);
        sWideCharStr.resize(cbMultiByte != -1 ? wcsnlen(&sWideCharStr[0], cch) : (size_t)cch - 1);
    }
 
    return cch;
}
 
template<class _Ax>
static _Success_(return != 0) int MultiByteToWideChar(_In_ UINT CodePage, _In_ DWORD dwFlags, _In_z_count_(cbMultiByte) LPCSTR lpMultiByteStr, _In_ int cbMultiByte, _Out_ std::vector<wchar_t, _Ax> &sWideCharStr) noexcept
{
    WCHAR szStackBuffer[WINSTD_STACK_BUFFER_BYTES / sizeof(WCHAR)];
 
    // Try to convert to stack buffer first.
    int cch = ::MultiByteToWideChar(CodePage, dwFlags, lpMultiByteStr, cbMultiByte, szStackBuffer, _countof(szStackBuffer));
    if (cch) {
        // Copy from stack.
        sWideCharStr.assign(szStackBuffer, szStackBuffer + cch);
    }
    else if (::GetLastError() == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER) {
        // Query the required output size. Allocate buffer. Then convert again.
        cch = ::MultiByteToWideChar(CodePage, dwFlags, lpMultiByteStr, cbMultiByte, NULL, 0);
        sWideCharStr.resize(cch);
        cch = ::MultiByteToWideChar(CodePage, dwFlags, lpMultiByteStr, cbMultiByte, sWideCharStr.data(), cch);
    }
 
    return cch;
}
 
template<class _Traits1, class _Ax1, class _Traits2, class _Ax2>
static _Success_(return != 0) int MultiByteToWideChar(_In_ UINT CodePage, _In_ DWORD dwFlags, _In_ const std::basic_string<char, _Traits1, _Ax1> &sMultiByteStr, _Out_ std::basic_string<wchar_t, _Traits2, _Ax2> &sWideCharStr) noexcept
{
    WCHAR szStackBuffer[WINSTD_STACK_BUFFER_BYTES / sizeof(WCHAR)];
 
    // Try to convert to stack buffer first.
    int cch = ::MultiByteToWideChar(CodePage, dwFlags, sMultiByteStr.c_str(), (int)sMultiByteStr.length(), szStackBuffer, _countof(szStackBuffer));
    if (cch) {
        // Copy from stack.
        sWideCharStr.assign(szStackBuffer, cch);
    }
    else if (::GetLastError() == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER) {
        // Query the required output size. Allocate buffer. Then convert again.
        cch = ::MultiByteToWideChar(CodePage, dwFlags, sMultiByteStr.c_str(), (int)sMultiByteStr.length(), NULL, 0);
        sWideCharStr.resize(cch);
        cch = ::MultiByteToWideChar(CodePage, dwFlags, sMultiByteStr.c_str(), (int)sMultiByteStr.length(), &sWideCharStr[0], cch);
    }
 
    return cch;
}
 
template<class _Traits, class _Ax>
static _Success_(return != 0) int SecureMultiByteToWideChar(_In_ UINT CodePage, _In_ DWORD dwFlags, _In_z_count_(cbMultiByte) LPCSTR lpMultiByteStr, _In_ int cbMultiByte, _Out_ std::basic_string<wchar_t, _Traits, _Ax> &sWideCharStr) noexcept
{
    WCHAR szStackBuffer[WINSTD_STACK_BUFFER_BYTES / sizeof(WCHAR)];
 
    // Try to convert to stack buffer first.
    int cch = ::MultiByteToWideChar(CodePage, dwFlags, lpMultiByteStr, cbMultiByte, szStackBuffer, _countof(szStackBuffer));
    if (cch) {
        // Copy from stack.
        sWideCharStr.assign(szStackBuffer, cbMultiByte != -1 ? wcsnlen(szStackBuffer, cch) : (size_t)cch - 1);
    }
    else if (::GetLastError() == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER) {
        // Query the required output size. Allocate buffer. Then convert again.
        cch = ::MultiByteToWideChar(CodePage, dwFlags, lpMultiByteStr, cbMultiByte, NULL, 0);
        sWideCharStr.resize(cch);
        cch = ::MultiByteToWideChar(CodePage, dwFlags, lpMultiByteStr, cbMultiByte, &sWideCharStr[0], cch);
        sWideCharStr.resize(cbMultiByte != -1 ? wcsnlen(&sWideCharStr[0], cch) : (size_t)cch - 1);
    }
 
    SecureZeroMemory(szStackBuffer, sizeof(szStackBuffer));
 
    return cch;
}
 
template<class _Ax>
static _Success_(return != 0) int SecureMultiByteToWideChar(_In_ UINT CodePage, _In_ DWORD dwFlags, _In_z_count_(cbMultiByte) LPCSTR lpMultiByteStr, _In_ int cbMultiByte, _Out_ std::vector<wchar_t, _Ax> &sWideCharStr) noexcept
{
    WCHAR szStackBuffer[WINSTD_STACK_BUFFER_BYTES / sizeof(WCHAR)];
 
    // Try to convert to stack buffer first.
    int cch = ::MultiByteToWideChar(CodePage, dwFlags, lpMultiByteStr, cbMultiByte, szStackBuffer, _countof(szStackBuffer));
    if (cch) {
        // Copy from stack.
        sWideCharStr.assign(szStackBuffer, szStackBuffer + cch);
    }
    else if (::GetLastError() == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER) {
        // Query the required output size. Allocate buffer. Then convert again.
        cch = ::MultiByteToWideChar(CodePage, dwFlags, lpMultiByteStr, cbMultiByte, NULL, 0);
        sWideCharStr.resize(cch);
        cch = ::MultiByteToWideChar(CodePage, dwFlags, lpMultiByteStr, cbMultiByte, sWideCharStr.data(), cch);
    }
 
    SecureZeroMemory(szStackBuffer, sizeof(szStackBuffer));
 
    return cch;
}
 
template<class _Traits1, class _Ax1, class _Traits2, class _Ax2>
static _Success_(return != 0) int SecureMultiByteToWideChar(_In_ UINT CodePage, _In_ DWORD dwFlags, _In_ const std::basic_string<char, _Traits1, _Ax1> &sMultiByteStr, _Out_ std::basic_string<wchar_t, _Traits2, _Ax2> &sWideCharStr) noexcept
{
    WCHAR szStackBuffer[WINSTD_STACK_BUFFER_BYTES / sizeof(WCHAR)];
 
    // Try to convert to stack buffer first.
    int cch = ::MultiByteToWideChar(CodePage, dwFlags, sMultiByteStr.c_str(), (int)sMultiByteStr.length(), szStackBuffer, _countof(szStackBuffer));
    if (cch) {
        // Copy from stack.
        sWideCharStr.assign(szStackBuffer, cch);
    }
    else if (::GetLastError() == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER) {
        // Query the required output size. Allocate buffer. Then convert again.
        cch = ::MultiByteToWideChar(CodePage, dwFlags, sMultiByteStr.c_str(), (int)sMultiByteStr.length(), NULL, 0);
        sWideCharStr.resize(cch);
        cch = ::MultiByteToWideChar(CodePage, dwFlags, sMultiByteStr.c_str(), (int)sMultiByteStr.length(), &sWideCharStr[0], cch);
    }
 
    SecureZeroMemory(szStackBuffer, sizeof(szStackBuffer));
 
    return cch;
}
 
template<class _Traits, class _Ax>
static DWORD FormatMessageA(_In_ DWORD dwFlags, _In_opt_ LPCVOID lpSource, _In_ DWORD dwMessageId, _In_ DWORD dwLanguageId, _Inout_ std::basic_string<char, _Traits, _Ax> &str, _In_opt_ va_list *Arguments)
{
    std::unique_ptr<CHAR[], winstd::LocalFree_delete<CHAR[]> > lpBuffer;
    DWORD dwResult = FormatMessageA(dwFlags | FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER, lpSource, dwMessageId, dwLanguageId, reinterpret_cast<LPSTR>((LPSTR*)get_ptr(lpBuffer)), 0, Arguments);
    if (dwResult)
        str.assign(lpBuffer.get(), dwResult);
    return dwResult;
}
 
template<class _Traits, class _Ax>
static DWORD FormatMessageW(_In_ DWORD dwFlags, _In_opt_ LPCVOID lpSource, _In_ DWORD dwMessageId, _In_ DWORD dwLanguageId, _Inout_ std::basic_string<wchar_t, _Traits, _Ax> &str, _In_opt_ va_list *Arguments)
{
    std::unique_ptr<WCHAR[], winstd::LocalFree_delete<WCHAR[]> > lpBuffer;
    DWORD dwResult = FormatMessageW(dwFlags | FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER, lpSource, dwMessageId, dwLanguageId, reinterpret_cast<LPWSTR>((LPWSTR*)get_ptr(lpBuffer)), 0, Arguments);
    if (dwResult)
        str.assign(lpBuffer.get(), dwResult);
    return dwResult;
}
 
 
#pragma warning(pop)
 
namespace winstd
{
 
#ifdef _UNICODE
    typedef std::wstring tstring;
#else
    typedef std::string tstring;
#endif
 
    template <class _Ty>
    struct LocalFree_delete
    {
        typedef LocalFree_delete<_Ty> _Myt; 
 
        LocalFree_delete() {}
 
        template <class _Ty2> LocalFree_delete(const LocalFree_delete<_Ty2>&) {}
 
        void operator()(_Frees_ptr_opt_ _Ty *_Ptr) const
        {
            LocalFree(_Ptr);
        }
    };
 
    template <class _Ty>
    struct LocalFree_delete<_Ty[]>
    {
        typedef LocalFree_delete<_Ty> _Myt; 
 
        LocalFree_delete() noexcept {}
 
        void operator()(_Frees_ptr_opt_ _Ty *_Ptr) const noexcept
        {
            LocalFree(_Ptr);
        }
 
        template<class _Other>
        void operator()(_Other *) const
        {
            LocalFree(_Ptr);
        }
    };
 
    struct GlobalFree_delete
    {
        GlobalFree_delete() {}
 
        void operator()(HGLOBAL _Ptr) const
        {
            GlobalFree(_Ptr);
        }
    };
 
    template <class T>
    class globalmem_accessor
    {
        WINSTD_NONCOPYABLE(globalmem_accessor)
        WINSTD_NONMOVABLE(globalmem_accessor)
 
    public:
        globalmem_accessor(_In_ HGLOBAL hMem) : m_h(hMem)
        {
            m_data = reinterpret_cast<T*>(GlobalLock(hMem));
            if (!m_data)
                throw win_runtime_error("GlobalLock failed");
        }
 
        virtual ~globalmem_accessor()
        {
            GlobalUnlock(m_h);
        }
 
        T* data() const noexcept
        {
            return m_data;
        }
 
    protected:
        HGLOBAL m_h;  
        T* m_data;    
    };
 
 
 
    template <class T, const T INVAL>
    class handle
    {
    public:
        typedef T handle_type;
 
        static const T invalid;
 
        handle() noexcept : m_h(invalid)
        {}
 
        handle(_In_opt_ handle_type h) noexcept : m_h(h)
        {}
 
        handle(_Inout_ handle<handle_type, INVAL> &&h) noexcept
        {
            // Transfer handle.
            m_h   = h.m_h;
            h.m_h = invalid;
        }
 
    private:
        // This class is noncopyable.
        handle(_In_ const handle<handle_type, INVAL> &h) noexcept {};
        handle<handle_type, INVAL>& operator=(_In_ const handle<handle_type, INVAL> &h) noexcept {};
 
    public:
        handle<handle_type, INVAL>& operator=(_In_opt_ handle_type h) noexcept
        {
            attach(h);
            return *this;
        }
 
        #pragma warning(suppress: 26432) // Move constructor is also present, but not detected by code analysis somehow.
        handle<handle_type, INVAL>& operator=(_Inout_ handle<handle_type, INVAL> &&h) noexcept
        {
            if (this != std::addressof(h)) {
                // Transfer handle.
                if (m_h != invalid)
                    free_internal();
                m_h   = h.m_h;
                h.m_h = invalid;
            }
            return *this;
        }
 
        operator handle_type() const
        {
            return m_h;
        }
 
        handle_type*& operator*() const
        {
            assert(m_h != invalid);
            return *m_h;
        }
 
        handle_type* operator&()
        {
            assert(m_h == invalid);
            return &m_h;
        }
 
        handle_type operator->() const
        {
            assert(m_h != invalid);
            return m_h;
        }
 
        bool operator!() const
        {
            return m_h == invalid;
        }
 
        bool operator<(_In_opt_ handle_type h) const
        {
            return m_h < h;
        }
 
        bool operator<=(_In_opt_ handle_type h) const
        {
            return !operator>(h);
        }
 
        bool operator>=(_In_opt_ handle_type h) const
        {
            return !operator<(h);
        }
 
        bool operator>(_In_opt_ handle_type h) const
        {
            return h < m_h;
        }
 
        bool operator!=(_In_opt_ handle_type h) const
        {
            return !operator==(h);
        }
 
        bool operator==(_In_opt_ handle_type h) const
        {
            return m_h == h;
        }
 
        void attach(_In_opt_ handle_type h) noexcept
        {
            if (m_h != invalid)
                free_internal();
            m_h = h;
        }
 
        handle_type detach()
        {
            handle_type h = m_h;
            m_h = invalid;
            return h;
        }
 
        void free()
        {
            if (m_h != invalid) {
                free_internal();
                m_h = invalid;
            }
        }
 
    protected:
        virtual void free_internal() noexcept = 0;
 
    protected:
        handle_type m_h; 
    };
 
    template <class T, const T INVAL>
    const T handle<T, INVAL>::invalid = INVAL;
 
    template <class T, T INVAL>
    class dplhandle : public handle<T, INVAL>
    {
    public:
        dplhandle() noexcept
        {}
 
        dplhandle(_In_opt_ handle_type h) noexcept : handle<handle_type, INVAL>(h)
        {}
 
        dplhandle<handle_type, INVAL>(_In_ const dplhandle<handle_type, INVAL> &h) : handle<handle_type, INVAL>(duplicate_internal(h.m_h))
        {}
 
        dplhandle<handle_type, INVAL>(_Inout_ dplhandle<handle_type, INVAL> &&h) noexcept : handle<handle_type, INVAL>(std::move(h))
        {}
 
        dplhandle<handle_type, INVAL>& operator=(_In_opt_ handle_type h) noexcept
        {
            handle<handle_type, INVAL>::operator=(h);
            return *this;
        }
 
        dplhandle<handle_type, INVAL>& operator=(_In_ const dplhandle<handle_type, INVAL> &h) noexcept
        {
            if (this != std::addressof(h)) {
                if (h.m_h != invalid) {
                    handle_type h_new = duplicate_internal(h.m_h);
 
                    if (m_h != invalid)
                        free_internal();
 
                    m_h = h_new;
                } else {
                    if (m_h != invalid)
                        free_internal();
 
                    m_h = invalid;
                }
            }
            return *this;
        }
 
        #pragma warning(disable: 26432) // Move constructor is also present, but not detected by code analysis somehow.
        dplhandle<handle_type, INVAL>& operator=(_Inout_ dplhandle<handle_type, INVAL> &&h) noexcept
        {
            handle<handle_type, INVAL>::operator=(std::move(h));
            return *this;
        }
 
        handle_type duplicate() const
        {
            return m_h != invalid ? duplicate_internal(m_h) : invalid;
        }
 
        void attach_duplicated(_In_opt_ handle_type h)
        {
            if (m_h != invalid)
                free_internal();
 
            m_h = h != invalid ? duplicate_internal(h) : invalid;
        }
 
    protected:
        virtual handle_type duplicate_internal(_In_ handle_type h) const = 0;
    };
 
 
 
    inline std::string load_msg_from_res(_In_opt_ HMODULE hModule, _In_ UINT nId, _In_ WORD wLanguage)
    {
        std::string sResult;
        HRSRC hFoundRes = FindResourceExW(hModule, MAKEINTRESOURCEW(6), MAKEINTRESOURCEW(nId), wLanguage);
        if (hFoundRes) {
            DWORD dwSize = SizeofResource(hModule, hFoundRes);
            if (dwSize) {
                HGLOBAL hLoadedRes = LoadResource(hModule, hFoundRes);
                if (hLoadedRes) {
                    LPCWSTR szMessage = reinterpret_cast<LPCWSTR>(LockResource(hLoadedRes));
                    if (szMessage) {
                        WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, szMessage, dwSize / sizeof(*szMessage), sResult, NULL, NULL);
                        return sResult;
                    } else
                        SetLastError(ERROR_LOCK_FAILED);
                }
            }
        }
        sprintf(sResult, "msg %u", nId);
        return sResult;
    }
 
    inline std::string fmt_msg_from_res(_In_opt_ HMODULE hModule, _In_ UINT nId, _In_ WORD wLanguage, ...)
    {
        std::string sResult;
        HRSRC hFoundRes = FindResourceExW(hModule, MAKEINTRESOURCEW(6), MAKEINTRESOURCEW(nId), wLanguage);
        if (hFoundRes) {
            DWORD dwSize = SizeofResource(hModule, hFoundRes);
            if (dwSize) {
                HGLOBAL hLoadedRes = LoadResource(hModule, hFoundRes);
                if (hLoadedRes) {
                    LPCWSTR szFormat = reinterpret_cast<LPCWSTR>(LockResource(hLoadedRes));
                    if (szFormat) {
                        dwSize /= sizeof(*szFormat);
                        assert(wcsnlen(szFormat, dwSize) < dwSize); // Resource strings must be zero-terminated to make strings directly usable with sprintf.
                        va_list arg;
                        va_start(arg, wLanguage);
                        std::wstring sMessage;
                        vsprintf(sMessage, szFormat, arg);
                        va_end(arg);
                        WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, sMessage, sResult, NULL, NULL);
                        return sResult;
                    } else
                        SetLastError(ERROR_LOCK_FAILED);
                }
            }
        }
        sprintf(sResult, "msg %u", nId);
        return sResult;
    }
 
    template <typename _Tn>
    class num_runtime_error : public std::runtime_error
    {
    public:
        typedef _Tn error_type; 
 
    public:
        num_runtime_error(_In_ error_type num, _In_ const std::string& msg) :
            m_num(num),
            runtime_error(msg)
        {}
 
        num_runtime_error(_In_ error_type num, _In_opt_z_ const char *msg = nullptr) :
            m_num(num),
            runtime_error(msg)
        {}
 
        error_type number() const
        {
            return m_num;
        }
 
    protected:
        error_type m_num;  
    };
 
    class last_error_saver
    {
    public:
        last_error_saver(_In_ DWORD error = GetLastError()) :
            m_error(error)
        {}
 
        ~last_error_saver()
        {
            SetLastError(m_error);
        }
 
    protected:
        DWORD m_error;
    };
 
    class win_runtime_error : public num_runtime_error<DWORD>
    {
    public:
        win_runtime_error(_In_ error_type num) : num_runtime_error<DWORD>(num, message(num))
        {}
 
        win_runtime_error(_In_ error_type num, _In_ const std::string& msg) : num_runtime_error<DWORD>(num, msg + ": " + message(num))
        {}
 
        win_runtime_error(_In_ error_type num, _In_z_ const char *msg) : num_runtime_error<DWORD>(num, std::string(msg) + ": " + message(num))
        {}
 
        win_runtime_error() : num_runtime_error<DWORD>(GetLastError(), message(GetLastError()))
        {}
 
        win_runtime_error(_In_ const std::string& msg) : num_runtime_error<DWORD>(GetLastError(), msg + ": " + message(GetLastError()))
        {}
 
        win_runtime_error(_In_z_ const char *msg) : num_runtime_error<DWORD>(GetLastError(), std::string(msg) + ": " + message(GetLastError()))
        {}
 
    protected:
        static std::string message(_In_ error_type num, _In_opt_ DWORD dwLanguageId = 0)
        {
            last_error_saver last_error_save;
            std::wstring wstr;
            if (FormatMessageW(FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS, 0, num, dwLanguageId, wstr, NULL)) {
                // Stock Windows error messages contain CRLF. Well... Trim all the trailing white space.
                wstr.erase(wstr.find_last_not_of(L" \t\n\r\f\v") + 1);
            } else
                sprintf(wstr, num >= 0x10000 ? L"Error 0x%X" : L"Error %u", num);
            std::string str;
            WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, wstr, str, NULL, NULL);
            return str;
        }
    };
 
 
 
    template<class _Elem, class _Traits, class _Ax>
    class basic_string_printf : public std::basic_string<_Elem, _Traits, _Ax>
    {
    public:
 
        basic_string_printf(_In_z_ _Printf_format_string_ const _Elem *format, ...)
        {
            va_list arg;
            va_start(arg, format);
            vsprintf(*this, format, arg);
            va_end(arg);
        }
 
 
 
        basic_string_printf(_In_ HINSTANCE hInstance, _In_ UINT nFormatID, ...)
        {
            _Myt format;
            ATLENSURE(format.LoadString(hInstance, nFormatID));
 
            va_list arg;
            va_start(arg, nFormatID);
            vsprintf(*this, format, arg);
            va_end(arg);
        }
 
        basic_string_printf(_In_ HINSTANCE hInstance, _In_ WORD wLanguageID, _In_ UINT nFormatID, ...)
        {
            _Myt format;
            ATLENSURE(format.LoadString(hInstance, nFormatID, wLanguageID));
 
            va_list arg;
            va_start(arg, nFormatID);
            vsprintf(*this, format, arg);
            va_end(arg);
        }
 
    };
 
    typedef basic_string_printf<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > string_printf;
 
    typedef basic_string_printf<wchar_t, std::char_traits<wchar_t>, std::allocator<wchar_t> > wstring_printf;
 
#ifdef _UNICODE
    typedef wstring_printf tstring_printf;
#else
    typedef string_printf tstring_printf;
#endif
 
    template<class _Elem, class _Traits, class _Ax>
    class basic_string_msg : public std::basic_string<_Elem, _Traits, _Ax>
    {
    public:
 
        basic_string_msg(_In_z_ _FormatMessage_format_string_ const _Elem *format, ...)
        {
            va_list arg;
            va_start(arg, format);
            FormatMessage(FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_STRING, format, 0, 0, *this, &arg);
            va_end(arg);
        }
 
 
 
        basic_string_msg(_In_ HINSTANCE hInstance, _In_ UINT nFormatID, ...)
        {
            _Myt format(GetManager());
            ATLENSURE(format.LoadString(hInstance, nFormatID));
 
            va_list arg;
            va_start(arg, nFormatID);
            FormatMessage(FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_STRING, format, 0, 0, *this, &arg);
            va_end(arg);
        }
 
        basic_string_msg(_In_ HINSTANCE hInstance, _In_ WORD wLanguageID, _In_ UINT nFormatID, ...)
        {
            _Myt format(GetManager());
            ATLENSURE(format.LoadString(hInstance, nFormatID, wLanguageID));
 
            va_list arg;
            va_start(arg, nFormatID);
            FormatMessage(FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_STRING, format, 0, 0, *this, &arg);
            va_end(arg);
        }
 
 
        basic_string_msg(_In_ DWORD dwFlags, _In_opt_ LPCVOID lpSource, _In_ DWORD dwMessageId, _In_ DWORD dwLanguageId, _In_opt_ va_list *Arguments)
        {
            FormatMessage(dwFlags & ~FORMAT_MESSAGE_ARGUMENT_ARRAY, lpSource, dwMessageId, dwLanguageId, *this, Arguments);
        }
 
        basic_string_msg(_In_ DWORD dwFlags, _In_opt_ LPCVOID lpSource, _In_ DWORD dwMessageId, _In_ DWORD dwLanguageId, _In_opt_ DWORD_PTR *Arguments)
        {
            FormatMessage(dwFlags | FORMAT_MESSAGE_ARGUMENT_ARRAY, lpSource, dwMessageId, dwLanguageId, *this, (va_list*)Arguments);
        }
 
        basic_string_msg(_In_ DWORD dwFlags, _In_z_ LPCTSTR pszFormat, _In_opt_ va_list *Arguments)
        {
            FormatMessage(dwFlags & ~FORMAT_MESSAGE_ARGUMENT_ARRAY | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_STRING, pszFormat, 0, 0, *this, Arguments);
        }
 
        basic_string_msg(_In_ DWORD dwFlags, _In_z_ LPCTSTR pszFormat, _In_opt_ DWORD_PTR *Arguments)
        {
            FormatMessage(dwFlags | FORMAT_MESSAGE_ARGUMENT_ARRAY | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_STRING, pszFormat, 0, 0, *this, (va_list*)Arguments);
        }
    };
 
    typedef basic_string_msg<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > string_msg;
 
    typedef basic_string_msg<wchar_t, std::char_traits<wchar_t>, std::allocator<wchar_t> > wstring_msg;
 
#ifdef _UNICODE
    typedef wstring_msg tstring_msg;
#else
    typedef string_msg tstring_msg;
#endif
 
    template<class _Elem, class _Traits, class _Ax>
    class basic_string_guid : public std::basic_string<_Elem, _Traits, _Ax>
    {
    public:
 
        basic_string_guid(_In_ const GUID &guid, _In_z_ _Printf_format_string_ const _Elem *format)
        {
            sprintf<_Elem, _Traits, _Ax>(*this, format,
                guid.Data1,
                guid.Data2,
                guid.Data3,
                guid.Data4[0], guid.Data4[1],
                guid.Data4[2], guid.Data4[3], guid.Data4[4], guid.Data4[5], guid.Data4[6], guid.Data4[7]);
        }
 
    };
 
    class string_guid : public basic_string_guid<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >
    {
    public:
 
        string_guid(_In_ const GUID &guid) :
            basic_string_guid<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >(guid, "{%08X-%04X-%04X-%02X%02X-%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X}")
        {}
 
    };
 
    class wstring_guid : public basic_string_guid<wchar_t, std::char_traits<wchar_t>, std::allocator<wchar_t> >
    {
    public:
 
        wstring_guid(_In_ const GUID &guid) :
            basic_string_guid<wchar_t, std::char_traits<wchar_t>, std::allocator<wchar_t> >(guid, L"{%08X-%04X-%04X-%02X%02X-%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X}")
        {}
 
    };
 
#ifdef _UNICODE
    typedef wstring_guid tstring_guid;
#else
    typedef string_guid tstring_guid;
#endif
 
 
 
    // winstd::sanitizing_allocator::destroy() member generates _Ptr parameter not used warning for primitive datatypes _Ty.
    #pragma warning(push)
    #pragma warning(disable: 4100)
 
    template<class _Ty>
    class sanitizing_allocator : public std::allocator<_Ty>
    {
    public:
        typedef std::allocator<_Ty> _Mybase; 
 
        template<class _Other>
        struct rebind
        {
            typedef sanitizing_allocator<_Other> other; 
        };
 
        sanitizing_allocator() noexcept : _Mybase()
        {}
 
        sanitizing_allocator(_In_ const sanitizing_allocator<_Ty> &_Othr) : _Mybase(_Othr)
        {}
 
        template<class _Other>
        sanitizing_allocator(_In_ const sanitizing_allocator<_Other> &_Othr) noexcept : _Mybase(_Othr)
        {}
 
        void deallocate(_In_ _Ty* const _Ptr, _In_ const std::size_t _Count)
        {
            // Sanitize then free.
            SecureZeroMemory(_Ptr, sizeof(_Ty) * _Count);
            _Mybase::deallocate(_Ptr, _Count);
        }
    };
 
    #pragma warning(pop)
 
    typedef std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, sanitizing_allocator<char> > sanitizing_string;
 
    typedef std::basic_string<wchar_t, std::char_traits<wchar_t>, sanitizing_allocator<wchar_t> > sanitizing_wstring;
 
#ifdef _UNICODE
    typedef sanitizing_wstring sanitizing_tstring;
#else
    typedef sanitizing_string sanitizing_tstring;
#endif
 
    template<size_t N>
    class sanitizing_blob
    {
    public:
        sanitizing_blob()
        {
            ZeroMemory(m_data, N);
        }
 
        ~sanitizing_blob()
        {
            SecureZeroMemory(m_data, N);
        }
 
    public:
        unsigned char m_data[N];    
    };
 
}